Table 4 Mean scores (SD) of the factors of Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire in relation to background variables
| Â | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
|---|---|---|
Age groups | ||
16–25 years (n = 10) | 5.00 (4.13) | 4.10 (1.72) |
25–35 years (n = 120) | 4,15 (5.22) | 4.32 (3.41) |
35 years or more (n = 40) | 4.27 (3.94) | 3.87 (3.25) |
p-value | 0.871 | 0.754 |
Civil status | ||
Living with a partner (n = 166) | 4.03 (4.59) | 4.07 (3.14) |
Not living with a partner (n = 5) | 10.20 (11.90) | 7.80 (6.18) |
p-value | 0.005 | 0.012 |
Country of birth | ||
Sweden (n = 156) | 4.36 (4.97) | 4.25 (3.36) |
Other country (n = 15) | 2.60 (3.55) | 3.46 (2.61) |
p-value | 0.079 | 0.295 |
Level of education | ||
High school or lower (n = 112) | 4.08 (5.31) | 3.62 (3.03) |
University education (n = 59) | 4.27 (4.64) | 4.47 (3.41) |
p-value | 0.807 | 0.112 |
Parity | ||
Primiparas (n = 81) | 4.56 (5.75) | 4.97 (3.53) |
Multiparas (n = 90) | 3.88 (3.91) | 3.46 (2.91) |
p-value | 0.364 | 0.003 |
Previous mental health problems | ||
No (n = 83) | 4.07 (3.79) | 4.19 (3.00) |
Yes (n = 88) | 4.34 (5.71) | 4.17 (3.57) |
p-value | 0.720 | 0.965 |
Depressive symptoms mid pregnancy | Â | |
EPDS1 < 13 (n = 122) | 3.48 (3.36) | 3.86 (3.03) |
EPDS 13 or more (n = 49) | 6.02 (7.12) | 4.95 (3.81) |
p-value | 0.002 | 0.051 |
Depressive symptoms 2Â months after birth | Â | |
EPDS1 < 12 (n = 136) | 3.31 (3.28) | 3.61 (2.88) |
EPDS 12 or more (n = 32) | 7.75 (8.06) | 6.65 (3.96) |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Trajectories of depressive symptoms | ||
No depressive symptoms at any time | 3.35 (3.29) | 3.63 (2.87) |
Depressive symptoms only in mid pregnancy | 3.12 (3.27) | 3.50 (2.99) |
Depressive symptoms only postpartum | 5.00 (4.18) | 6.66 (3.90) |
Depressive symptoms in pregnancy and | 8.82 (9.00) | 6.65 (4.07) |
postpartum | ||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 |