Table 1 Descriptive results for the study (N = 4,908)

Microsystem factors

 Age

4.6448(0.590)

  15–19

175

3

69

31

  20–24

1071

22

65

35

  25–29

1311

27

67

33

  30–34

1023

21

67

33

  35–39

800

16

68

32

  40–44

394

8

67

33

  45–49

134

3

74

26

 Education

123.6750(0.000)

  No education

1218

25

81

19

  Primary

2412

49

65

35

  Secondary/Higher

1277

26

60

40

 Wealth quintile

132.9885(0.000)

  Poorest

1004

21

81

19

  Poorer

989

20

72

28

  Middle

979

20

67

33

  Richer

981

20

64

36

  Richest

955

19

57

43

 Marital status

10.3925(0.001)

  Married

4036

82

66

34

  Cohabiting

872

18

72

28

 Occupation

26.2159(0.000)

  Not working

3268

67

70

30

  Working

1640

33

63

37

 Partner’s education

94.4019(0.000)

  No education

987

20

81

19

  Primary

2084

43

67

33

  Secondary/Higher

1837

37

62

38

 Parity

19.5483(0.000)

  One birth

1072

22

64

36

  Two births

987

20

66

34

  Three births

894

18

64

36

  Four or more births

1955

40

71

29

 Health decision making

5.5252(0.063)

  Alone

1438

29

65

35

  Joint

2752

56

67

33

  Others

718

15

70

30

 Sex of child

0.0888(0.766)

  Male

2529

52

67

33

  Female

2379

48

67

33

 Twin status

6.2002(0.013)

  Single birth

4855

99

67

33

  Twin birth

53

1

67

33

 Size of child at birth

12.0223(0.002)

  Large

1943

39

65

35

  Average

2001

41

67

33

  Small

964

20

71

29

Mesosystem factors

 Residence

79.7228(0.000)

  Urban

548

11

56

44

  Rural

4360

89

70

30

 Region

127.1567(0.000)

  Southern region

931

19

57

43

  Highlands region

1868

38

76

24

  Momase region

1429

29

71

29

  Islands region

680

14

65

35

 Community literacy level

145.6335(0.000)

  Low

2054

42

78

22

  Medium

1471

30

62

38

  High

1383

28

60

40

 Community socioeconomic status

119.5434(0.000)

  Low

2991

61

74

26

  Moderate

634

13

59

41

  High

1283

26

59

41

Exosystem factors

 ANC visit

  Below recommended

2320

47

74

26

72.5628(0.000)

  Recommended

2588

53

62

38

 Access to mass media

56.3977(0.000)

  No

3502

71

70

30

  Yes

1406

29

60

40

 Place of delivery

67.1009(0.000)

  Home

1924

39

74

26

  Health facility

2838

58

63

37

  Other

146

3

76

24

Macrosystem factors

 Covered by health insurance

18.5463(0.000)

  No

4755

97

68

32

  Yes

153

3

52

48