Table 1 Study characteristics of included studies
From: Depression, anxiety, PTSD, and OCD after stillbirth: a systematic review
First author | Country | Study design | Definition SB | Participants | N | Age range | Time of measure | Outcome | Measures | Covariates/ matched control | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boyle (1996) [2] | Australia | Longitudinal case control study | ≥20 weeks | Women who had experienced SB, NND or SIDS between 1985 and 1988 | SB = 78 Controls = 203 | N/D | 2-, 8-, 15- and 30-months post-loss | Anxiety and depression | DSSI | Covariates: Maternal age, marital status, other children Matched control: on child’s sex, hospital of delivery, birth date, health insurance status. | 0.86 |
Chung (2017)[35] | UK | Cross-sectional retrospective cohort study | ≥24 weeks | Women recruited through two SB support groups | SB = 50 Controls = 50 | SB group M = 35.86 Comparison group M = 33.10 | 3.5 years post-stillbirth (M = 44.76 months, SD = 33.16 months) | Depression, anxiety, PTSD | EPDS, GHQ-28, PDS (PTCI) | Covariates: Marriage, ethnicity, education, income | 0.90 |
Crawley (2013) [3] | UK | Cross-sectional retrospective online survey | ≥20 weeks | Women who experienced SB in the past 10 years, recruited through support websites | 162 | 18–47 | 0–10 years (M = 27.9 months) | Depression, anxiety, PTSD | DASS-21, PSS | None | 0.90 |
Horsch (2015) [36] | UK | Short-term longitudinal Study | ≥24 weeks | Women who had experienced SB, contacted through their bereavement midwife at eight National Health Service Hospitals in England | 65 | > 18 years (M = 31.92) | 3- and 6-months post-loss | PTSD | SCID - PTSD module, PDS, (PTCI) | Covariates: Social support, maternal age, income, living children, history of trauma, history and number of previous perinatal loss, pregnancy planned, weeks of gestation. | 0.86 |
Kokou-Kpolou (2018) [37] | France | Cross-sectional questionnaire study | ≥28 weeks | Women recruited through groups for bereaved individuals on Google | SB = 66 | 20–49 | M = 40.48 months (SD = 28.92, range 3–120) | Depression | CESD-R-10 | Covariates: Age and time since perinatal loss | 0.81 |
Lewkowitz (2019) [38] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | ≥23 weeks | Female Florida-residents identified through The Florida State Inpatients and State Emergency Department databases | SB = 8292 Controls = 1.194.758 | 13–54 | Within 1 year after hospital discharge | Depression, anxiety, PTSD | ICD-9-CM | Covariates: Maternal age, race/etnicity, insurance type, income quartile by zipcode, severe intrapartum maternal morbidity, and medical comorbidities. | 1 |
Rådestad (1996) [40] | Sweden | Nationwide cohort study (NBHW) | ≥28 weeks | Women who experienced SB in 1991, identified through the medical birth register | SB = 380 Controls = 379 | M = 32 | 3 years post-loss | Anxiety and depression | STAI, CES-D | Covariates: Age, level of education, being single, being unemployed, no subsequent pregnancy | 0.72 |
Rådestad (2009) [41] | Sweden | Nationwide cohort study (NBHW) | ≥28 weeks | Women who experienced SB in 1991, identified through the medical birth register | 314 | M = 32 | 3 years post-loss | Anxiety and depression | STAI-S, STAI-T and CES-D | None | 0.77 |
Surkan (2008) [42] | Sweden | Nationwide cohort study (NBHW) | ≥28 weeks | Women who experienced SB in 1991, identified through the medical birth register | 314 | M = 32 | 3 years post-loss | Depression | CES-D | Covariates: Maternal education, employment, marital status | 0.90 |
Surkan (2009) [43] | Sweden | Nationwide cohort study | ≥28 weeks | Women who experienced SB in 1991, identified through the medical birth register | 298 | M = 32 | 3 years post-loss | Depression | CES-D | Covariates: Age, education, marital status, employment, religion, child gender, GSA, birth weight | 0.90 |
Surkan (2016) [39] | Bangladesh | Retrospective study | ≥28 weeks | Married women identified through JiVitA-1study between 2001 and 2007 in Northwest Bangladesh | SB = 1914 Controls = 37.080 | 13–44 | 6 months post-loss | Depression | Modified questionnaires based on Patient Health questionnaire and CES-D (translated into Bengali) | Covariates: Maternal age, education, parity, household living standard index, religion, number of children in household, maternal mid-upper arm circumference in third trimester, symptoms of anemia, and infection in the first trimester | 0.90 |
Thearle (1995) [4] | Australia | Matched case control study (prospective) | ≥20 weeks | 260 families (including men and women) who experienced SB, NDD, or SIDS in Queensland between 1985 and 1988 | SB mothers = 99 Control mothers = 249 SB fathers = 80 Control fathers = 204 | Mothers M = 27.4 Fathers M = 30.2 | 2 months post-loss | Anxiety and depression | DSSI (subscales depression and anxiety) | Matched control: child of same sex born at the same hospital on the same date as the stillborn child, same health insurance status. | 0.59 |
Vance (1995) [5] | Australia | Longitudinal case control study | ≥20 weeks | Families (including men and women) who experienced SB, NDD, or SIDS in Queensland between 1985 and 1988 | SB mothers = 82 Control mothers = 226 SB fathers = 65 Control fathers = 174 | Mothers M = 27.4 Fathers M = 30.2 | 2- and 8-months post- loss | Anxiety and depression | DSSI (subscales depression and anxiety) | Matched control: child of same sex born at the same hospital on the same date as the stillborn child, same health insurance status. | 0.72 |