Table 2 Reported cases of monochorionic triplet pregnancy with conjoined twins
Study ID | Maternal age (years) | Mode of conception | Triplet type | Diagnosis age(wks) | Type of conjoining | Prenatal intervention of conjoined twins | Intervention weeks | Delivery age(wks) | Delivery method | Outcome of the fetuses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conjoined twins | Single fetus | ||||||||||
Tan KL 1971 [25] | 22 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 39 | Thoraco-omphalopagus | No | / | 39 | CS | Live birth weighing 4765 g and died a few minutes later | Live birth weighing 2870 g |
Lipitz S 1995 [26] | 25 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 16 | Thoracopagus | Selective fetal reduction by intracardiac injection of potassium chloride | 16+ | 16+ | Induced labor due to intrauterine demise of normal single triplet | / | IUD a few hours later after prenatal intervention |
Chang DY 1996 [27] | 26 | Spontaneous | MCMA | 24+ | omphalopagus | No | / | 25 | Induced labor due to intrauterine demise of the fetuses | IUD weighing 1240 g | Acardiac fetus weighing 80 g |
Gardeil F 1998 [28] | 34 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 13 | Thoraco-omphalo-ischiopagus | No | / | 36 | CS | Live birth weighing 2900 g and died 6 months later | Live birth weighing 2041 g |
Wax JR 1999 [29] | 18 | Spontaneous | MCMA | 16 + 5 | Thoracopagus | No | / | / | TOP | / | / |
Zeng SM 2002 [30] | 22 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 22 | Thoracopagus | No | / | 32 | CS | Live birth, no weight data, And died 35 days later due to cardiopulmonary collapse | Live birth,no weight data |
Sepulveda W 2003 [31] | 41 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 13 | Cephalopagus | Selective fetal reduction by endoscopic laser occlusion of the single umbilical cord | 16 | 28 | CS due to intrauterine demise of normal single triplet at 28 weeks | / | Dead fetus weighing 1010 g |
Suzumori N 2006 [32] | 33 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 13 | Cephalopagus | No | / | / | TOP | / | / |
Sellami A 2013 [33] | 20 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 21 | Xipho-omphalopagus | No | / | / | TOP | / | / |
Talebian M 2015 [34] | 38 | IVF-ET | MCDA | 12 + 2 | Thoraco-omphalopagus | Selective fetal reduction by radiofrequency ablation | 16 | 17 | Spontaneous abortion due to PROM | Death no weight data, | Death no weight data, |
Yuan HX 2017 [35] | 39 | IVF-ET | MCDA | 10 | Thoraco-omphalopagus | No | / | / | TOP | / | / |
Mariona F 2017 [36] | 26 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 9 + 2 | Parapagus | No | / | 34 | CS | Live birth weighing 2485 g and died 32 min later | Live birth weighing 3175 g |
Meng XL 2018 [37] | 36 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 13 + 5 | Thoraco-omphalopagus | Selective fetal reduction by microwave ablation | 16 | 17 | Induced labor due to intrauterine demise of normal single triplet at 17 weeks | / | IUD at 17 week |
Gao QQ 2021 [38] | 26 | Spontaneous | MCDA | 12 | Omphalopagus | No | / | 15 | Induced labor due to intrauterine demise of three fetuses at 15 weeks | IUD | IUD |