Table 1 Comparison of the clinical characteristics of pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Gestational age at the first prenatal visit, week

14.00 (2.75)

13.00 (3.00)

0.292^†

Age, years

29.00 (5.00)

27.00 (5.00)

0.012^†

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

21.70 (4.33)

20.80 (3.65)

< 0.001^†

BMI, kg/m²

21.98 (4.93)

20.90 (3.75)

< 0.001^†

SBP, mmHg

118.00 (16.75)

115.00 (14.00)

0.215^†

DBP, mmHg

75.00 (11.00)

74.00 (12.50)

0.502^†

Family History of diabetes, %

10

4.7

0.125^#

GA, %

12.08 ± 1.91

11.92 ± 1.55

0.422^*

FPG, mmol/L

4.85 (0.60)

4.70 (0.50)

< 0.001^†

HbA1c, %

5.20 (0.40)

5.10 (0.30)

< 0.001^†

ALT, units/L

14.50 (16.50)

12.00 (11.00)

0.024^†

AST, units/L

16.00 (7.60)

16.00 (5.30)

0.940^†

γ-GT, units/L

11.50 (8.30)

11.00 (8.30)

0.425^†

ALP, units/L

45.00 (15.75)

46.00 (14.00)

0.488^†

TB, μmol/L

8.20 (4.58)

7.90 (3.75)

0.539^†

ALB, g/L

42.10 (3.05)

42.100 (3.65)

0.872^†

BUN, mmol/L

2.80 (0.90)

2.70 (0.80)

0.458^†

Cr, μmol/L

44.00 (8.00)

44.00 (8.00)

0.197^†

UA, μmol/L

220.50 (62.00)

204.00 (60.00)

0.004^†

TG, mmol/L

1.49 (0.79)

1.295 (0.65)

0.007^†

TC, mmol/L

4.62 ± 0.79

4.42 ± 0.78

0.042^*

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.52 ± 0.67

2.36 ± 0.66

0.051^*

CFH, μg/ml

280.02 (58.60)

264.20 (68.77)

0.014^†

Gestational age at 75 g OGTT, week

25.00 (2.00)

25.00 (1.00)

0.777^†

Glucose 0 h, mmol/L

5.15 (0.70)

4.50 (0.50)

< 0.001^†

Glucose 1 h, mmol/L

9.79 ± 1.82

7.24 ± 1.39

< 0.001^*

Glucose 2 h, mmol/L

7.95 (2.15)

6.31 (1.56)

< 0.001^†

Gestational age at delivery, week

39.00 (1.00)

39.00 (1.00)

0.100^†

Caesarean section, %

48.8

42.3

0.296^#

PROM, %

11.3

11.4

0.979^#

Estimated blood loss at delivery, ml

300.00 (90.00)

300.00 (100.00)

0.71^†

Macrosomia, %

11.0

4.4

0.038^#

Apgar score

10.00 (0.00)

10.00 (0.00)

0.291^†