|
Independent variables
|
Model 0
|
Model I
|
Model II
|
Model III
|
|---|
|
aOR[95%CI]
|
aOR[95%CI]
|
aOR[95%CI]
|
aOR[95%CI]
|
|---|
|
Fixed effect results
|
|
Individual-level factors
|
|
Age
|
|
≤ 19
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
20–34
| |
1.08[0.74–1.58]
| |
1.10[0.75–1.61]
|
|
≥ 35
| |
1.12[0.72–1.75]
| |
1.19[0.76–1.85]
|
|
Wealth status
|
|
Poorest
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Poorer
| |
0.65***[0.53–0.81]
| |
0.68***[0.55–0.84]
|
|
Middle
| |
0.53***[0.42–0.69]
| |
0.61***[0.47–0.78]
|
|
Richer
| |
0.29***[0.20–0.41]
| |
0.42***[0.29–0.61]
|
|
Richest
| |
0.22***[0.01–0.07]
| |
0.07***[0.02–0.24]
|
|
Religion
|
|
Religious
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Non-religious
| |
1.38*[1.02–1.86]
| |
1.33[0.98–1.79]
|
|
Education
|
|
Without formal education
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Formal education
| |
0.63**[0.48–0.82]
| |
0.71*[0.54–0.93]
|
|
Marital status
|
|
Married
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Cohabiting
| |
1.49**[1.14–1.93]
| |
1.57**[1.21–2.04]
|
|
Total children ever born
|
|
1–2
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
3–4
| |
1.16[0.93–1.45]
| |
1.19[0.95–1.49]
|
|
≥ 5
| |
1.28*[1.00–1.62]
| |
1.29*[1.01–1.66]
|
|
Occupation
|
|
Not working
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Working
| |
0.92[0.73–1.15]
| |
0.92[0.74–1.15]
|
|
Partner’s education
|
|
Without formal education
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Formal education
| |
0.57***[0.44–0.72]
| |
0.62***[0.49–0.79]
|
|
Access to mass media
|
|
No
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Yes
| |
0.78*[0.60–0.99]
| |
0.78*[0.60–0.99]
|
|
Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go
|
|
Big problem
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Not a big problem
| |
0.59***[0.47–0.73]
| |
0.62***[0.50–0.77]
|
|
Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment
|
|
Big problem
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Not a big problem
| |
1.12[0.89–1.41]
| |
1.08[0.86–1.36]
|
|
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility
|
|
Big problem
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Not a big problem
| |
0.84[0.67–1.06]
| |
0.92[0.74–1.15]
|
|
ANC visit
|
|
Below recommended
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Recommended
| |
0.32***[0.17–0.60]
| |
0.33**[0.18–0.63]
|
|
Health decision making
|
|
Alone
| |
Ref
| |
Ref
|
|
Respondent and partner
| |
1.03[0.72–1.47]
| |
0.98[0.68–1.40]
|
|
Others
| |
1.39[0.99–1.95]
| |
1.29[0.92--1.80]
|
|
Community-level factors
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
| | |
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Rural
| | |
0.97[0.62–1.50]
|
0.94[0.63–1.41]
|
|
Sex of Household Head
|
|
Male
| | |
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Female
| | |
0.89[0.66–1.20]
|
0.85[0.62–1.15]
|
|
Community literacy level
|
|
Low
| | |
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Medium
| | |
0.29***[0.19–0.45]
|
0.37***[0.24–0.55]
|
|
High
| | |
0.12***[0.71–0.22]
|
0.24***[0.14–0.41]
|
|
Community socioeconomic status
|
|
Low
| | |
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Medium
| | |
0.28***[0.16–0.49]
|
0.37***[0.22–0.63]
|
|
High
| | |
0.08***[0.05–0.15]
|
0.25***[0.14–0.46]
|
|
Random effect results
|
|
PSU Variance[95%CI]
|
5.45[4.24–7.00]
|
2.19[1.66–2.88]
|
2.25[1.73–2.93]
|
1.73[1.30–2.30]
|
|
ICC
|
0.62
|
0.40
|
0.41
|
0.34
|
|
LR Test
|
1653.79***
|
498.95***
|
682.12***
|
399.42***
|
|
Wald X2
|
Ref
|
278.62***
|
222.05***
|
375.94***
|
|
Model specification analysis
|
|
Log likelihood
|
−2412.8451
|
− 2230.3118
|
− 2288.2112
|
−2178.3287
|
|
AIC
|
4829.69
|
4504.624
|
4592.422
|
4412.657
|
|
BIC
|
4843.603
|
4657.666
|
4648.074
|
4607.439
|
- aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval in square brackets, Ref Reference Category; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
