Table 4 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Level of knowledge

 Low

3.4 (2.2, 5.2)

3.1 (1.9, 5.3)

3.2 (1.9, 5.4)

 Moderate

2 (1.2, 3.8)

1.4 (0.7, 3.0)

1.5 (0.7, 3.2)

 High

1

1

1

Attitude towards alcohol consumption

 Negative

1

1

1

 Neutral

3.7 (2.3, 5.9)

2.8 (1.7, 4.6)

3 (1.5, 5.2)

 Positive

9.5 (6.7,13.4)

6.3 (4.2, 9.5)

7.5 (5, 11)

History of pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption

 Yes

5.1 (3.8, 6.9)

4.9 (3.44, 7.2)

4.8 (3.4, 6 .9)

 No

1

1

1

Partner alcohol use

 Yes

5.9 (4, 8.6)

3.9 (2.44, 6.08)

3.9 (2.5, 6)

 No

1

1

1

Partner encouragement to alcohol use

 Yes

6.4 (3.4, 12)

3.5 (1.64, 7.4)

4 (1.9, 8)

 No

1

1

The perception that alcohol consumption is culturally or socially acceptable

 Yes

4.7 (3.4, 6.5)

3.6 (2.4, 5.4)

3.6 (2.4, 5.3)

 No

1

1

1

Community women’s education attainments

 Low

3.3 (1.5, 7.2)

2.6 (1.6, 5.1)

4 (2.2, 7.7)

 High

1

1

1

Ever heard/media exposure about the risk of alcohol drinking during pregnancy

 Low

2.5 (1.2, 5.5)

2.2 (1.01, 4.9)

3 (1.7, 5.5)

 High

1

1

1

Community social support

 Low

2.9 (1.4, 6)

1.5 (0.8, 3.2)

1.7 (0.9, 3.2)

 High

1

1

1

Random-effects

 Community variance

0.55

0.71

0.16

0.10

 ICC (%)

14.3

18

5

3

 PCV (%)

Ref

-

71

82

Model fitness

 AIC

1391.2

975.84

1381.79

946.16

 Log-likelihood

-693.5836

-459.9229

-684.8936

-460.1313