Table 2 Characteristics of included studies for determinants of neural tube defect in Africa
From: Magnitude and determinants of neural tube defect in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors /Year | Design | Country | Population | Total sample | Case | Control | Risk of bias | Result | OR 95%(CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shabrawi et al. 2015 [52] | Case-control | Egypt | Newborn and mothers | 180 | 62 | 118 | Medium | folic acid supplementation | 1.27(.62–2.62) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | paternal consanguineous marriage | 3.5 (1.70–7.10) |
Nasri et at 2015 [51] | Case-control | Tunisia | Newborn and mothers | 132 | 64 | 68 | Medium | maternal age greater than 30 years old | 1.17(.58–2.37) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | paternal consanguineous marriage | 2.58(.76–8.71) |
Nasri et al. 2016 [54] | Case-control | Tunisia | Newborn and mothers | 150 | 75 | 75 | Medium | maternal age greater than 30 years old | 1(.53–1.86) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | folic acid supplementation | 1.18(.61–2.31) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | previous history of stillbirth | 2.09(.82–5.28) |
Gadefaw et al. 2016 [38] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Newborn and mothers | 333 | 111 | 222 | Medium | maternal age greater than 30 years old | 2(.73–5.47) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | previous history of stillbirth | .49(.10–2.35) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | sex of newborn | .67(.47–1.04) |
Birhane et al. 2018 [42] | Case-control | Ethiopia | Newborn and mothers | 617 | 205 | 412 | Low | maternal age greater than 30 years old | 2.46 (1.33–4.53) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | maternal alcohol consumption | 10.28 (1.19–88.50) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | folic acid supplementation | 2.15 (1.02–4.54) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to pesticide | 5 (0.150–166.60) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to radiation | 5 (0.150–166.60) |
Filmawit et al. 2018 [40] | Case-control | Ethiopia | Newborn and mothers | 180 | 60 | 120 | Medium | maternal alcohol consumption | .56(.21–1.46) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | previous history of stillbirth | .66(.067–6.42) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to pesticide | 2.02(.978–4.17) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to radiation | 1.34(.217–8.27) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | sex of newborn | 1.71(.914–3.2) |
Bourouba et al. 2018 [18] | Case-control | Algeria | Newborn and mothers | 133 | 48 | 85 | Medium | folic acid supplementation | 4.15 (0.89–19.25) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | paternal consanguineous marriage | 0.92 (0.42–1.97) |
Wolderufael et al. 2018 [37] | Case-control | Ethiopia | Newborn and mothers | 647 | 205 | 412 | Low | folic acid supplementation | .48(.23–1.02) |
Atlaw et al. 2018 [39] | Case-control | Ethiopia | Newborn and mothers | 462 | 42 | 420 | Medium | maternal alcohol consumption | .79 (.32–1.98) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | folic acid supplementation | .09 (.031–.285) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | previous history of stillbirth | 1.41 (.42–4.75) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to radiation | .44 (.09–2.08) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | paternal consanguineous marriage | 4.9 (1.49–16.17) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | exposure to pesticide | .19 (.02–2.21 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | sex of newborn | .72 (.381–1.37) |