Table 1 Association between respondents’ characteristics and number of ANC contacts during the pregnancy of their most recent birth

Age of mothers (years)

387.7*

0.000

 15–19

1203(5.5)

32.9

23.2

34.4

9.5

 20–24

4186(19.2)

26.5

19.3

39.8

14.4

 25–29

5647(25.9)

23.3

18.3

38.2

20.2

 30–39

8345(38.3)

22.3

15.9

36.8

25.1

 40–49

2404(11.0)

29.6

14.8

36.4

19.2

Highest educational level

6052.3*

0.000

 No education

9683(44.5)

43.4

22.0

30.4

4.2

 Primary

3272(15.0)

16.6

19.2

44.7

19.5

 Secondary

6921(31.8)

8.5

12.9

44.0

34.6

 Higher

1908(8.8)

1.0

6.8

39.0

53.2

Spouse’s highest education

4813.3*

0.000

 No education

7313(36.1)

47.6

21.4

26.6

4.3

 Primary

2822(13.9)

19.3

20.1

42.8

17.8

 Secondary

6975(34.5)

11.9

14.4

43.5

30.2

 Higher

3126(15.4)

4.1

13.5

44.1

38.2

Who decides respondent’s healthcare

2290.2*

0.000

 Respondent alone

1996(9.8)

13.5

14.2

32.5

39.7

 Respondent and Spouse

6324(31.1)

12.5

13.1

42.9

31.5

 Spouse alone

12,039(59.1)

33.2

20.5

35.3

11.0

Media exposure

3115.5*

0.000

 Unexposed to media

8196(37.6)

41.5

21.6

31.0

5.9

 Exposed to media

13,589(62.4)

14.5

14.9

41.6

29.1

Ethnicity

5900.0*

0.000

 Hausa/Fulani

9572(43.9)

37.3

21.8

36.5

4.4

 Yoruba

2743(12.6)

4.7

4.5

29.1

61.6

 Igbo

2666(12.2)

3.8

9.9

42.4

44.0

 Ibibio

381(1.8)

17.7

15.4

45.0

21.9

 Others

6422(29.5)

23.1

19.5

40.3

17.0

Religion

3027.9*

0.000

 Islam

13,373(61.4)

32.7

21.0

36.2

10.2

 Christians

8295(38.1)

11.6

11.6

39.4

37.1

 Others

117(0.5)

34.5

24.7

35.7

5.1

Marital Status

44.8*

0.000

 Never married

511(2.3)

21.8

15.7

33.6

28.9

 Living in a union

20,520(94.2)

25.0

17.6

37.4

20.0

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated

754(3.5)

20.3

14.1

44.6

21.0

Wealth status

5729.2*

0.000

 Low

6912(31.7)

45.3

21.3

28.9

4.7

 Middle

7036(32.3)

24.1

20.4

41.5

14.0

 Richest

7837(36.0)

6.9

11.2

41.8

40.2

Children ever-born

717.3*

0.000

 1 or 2 births

7637(35.1)

19.7

15.2

38.5

26.6

 3 or 4 births

6133(28.2)

22.1

17.2

37.8

22.9

 More than 4 births

8015(36.8)

31.5

19.8

36.4

12.2

Birth order

753.9*

0.000

 First

3735(17.1)

18.6

15.8

39.4

26.2

 Second

3902(17.9)

20.8

14.6

37.6

27.1

 Third

3339(15.3)

20.7

16.3

37.7

25.3

 Fourth

2794(12.8)

23.6

18.3

38.0

20.0

 Fifth or higher

8015(36.8)

31.5

19.8

36.4

12.2

Birth interval

133.7*

0.000

 First Birth

3735(17.1)

18.6

15.8

39.4

26.2

 < 36 months

10,453(48.1)

26.9

17.8

37.7

17.5

 >=36 months

7558(34.8)

24.5

16.6

37.4

21.5

Current employment status

876.6*

0.000

 Employed

14,898(68.4)

20.1

16.4

38.9

24.6

 Unemployed

6887(31.6)

34.7

19.7

34.5

11.0

Spouse current employment statusment

954.1*

0.000

 Employed

15,712(72.1)

20.2

16.5

39.1

24.2

 Unemployed

6073(27.9)

36.5

19.8

33.5

10.1

Household head sex

177.3*

0.000

 Male

19,659(90.2)

25.6

17.8

37.3

19.3

 Female

2126(9.8)

16.7

14.0

39.9

29.5

Wanted Last child

141.6*

0.000

 Then

19,142(87.9)

25.6

17.6

37.6

19.2

 Later

1919(8.8)

17.4

17.0

37.6

28.0

 Never

724(3.3)

22.8

13.5

35.8

27.9

Family Mobility

452.8*

0.000

 5 + yr

18,201(83.5)

26.6

18.1

37.3

18.0

 Less stable 0-4yr

3584(16.5)

15.4

14.0

38.8

31.8

Have health Insurance

189.3

0.000

 No

21,306(97.8)

25.1

17.6

37.6

19.7

 Yes

479(2.2)

9.2

10.8

36.3

43.7

Wife Beating acceptable

1457.9*

0.000

 No

14,897(68.4)

19.0

16.0

38.9

26.1

 Yes

6887(31.6)

37.0

20.6

34.6

7.9

Community Poverty

1327.7*

0.000

 Low

8018(36.8)

18.8

22.4

48.2

10.7

 High

13,767(63.2)

28.3

14.5

31.2

25.9

Community Illiteracy

1181.8*

0.000

 Low

8106(37.2)

16.0

21.4

48.6

14.0

 High

13,679(62.8)

30.0

15.1

30.9

24.0

Community Unemployment

129.6*

0.001

 Low

9348(42.9)

23.2

19.4

39.9

17.6

 High

12,437(57.1)

26.0

16.0

35.8

22.2

Community Media barrier

817.1*

0.000

 Low

9508(42.9)

17.3

19.9

45.7

17.1

 High

12,277(57.1)

30.6

15.5

31.1

22.7

Community SES Disadvantage

7220.1*

0.000

 Lowest

7542(34.6)

6.7

8.3

38.9

46.0

 Middle

7190(33.0)

19.7

22.8

46.0

11.6

 Highest

7053(32.4)

48.5

21.4

27.6

2.6

Region

 North central

3014(13.8)

27.8

17.6

40.3

14.3

6300.1*

0.000

 North East

3841(17.6)

28.5

27.5

40.3

3.7

 North West

7602(34.9)

36.3

21.4

38.1

4.2

 South East

2126(9.7)

3.8

11.9

45.8

38.5

 South South

2007(9.2)

18.8

8.6

33.2

39.3

 South West

3194(14.7)

5.9

4.2

26.7

63.2

Residence

 Urban

8659(39.8)

10.4

13.6

40.6

35.5

2200.1*

0.000

 Rural

12,126(60.2)

34.0

20.0

35.6

10.5

 Total

21,785

24.5

17.5

37.6

20.4