Table 1 Characteristics of women and new-borns by infant HIV exposure and infant ART exposure
|  | Women and infants by HIV exposure status (N = 888) | WLHIV and HEU infants by ART exposure status (N = 431) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All women 888 | HU 457 (51) | HEU 431 (49) | p-value * | Preconception ART 268 (62) | Antenatal ART 163 (38) | p-value ** | |
Maternal characteristics | |||||||
 Age (years), median (IQR) | 29 (25–33) | 27 (23–32) | 31 (26–35) | < 0.001 | 32 (29–36) | 28 (25–33) | < 0.001 |
 GA at enrolment (weeks) median, (IQR) | 19 (14–24) | 20 (14–25) | 19 (13–23) | 0.05 | 19 (13–24) | 17 (13–22) | 0.01 |
 GA at delivery (weeks), median (IQR) | 39 (38–40) | 39 (38–40) | 39 (38–40) | 0.11 | 39 (38–40) | 39 (38–40) | 0.80 |
 ART during (median, IQR) | – | – | 37 (24–39) |  | 39 (38–40) | 21 (17–26) |  |
ART initiation | |||||||
 Preconception ART | 268 (62) * | – | 268 (62) |  |  |  |  |
 Antenatal ART | 163 (38) * | – | 163 (38) |  |  |  |  |
Gravidity | |||||||
 Median (IQR) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | < 0.001 | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | < 0.001 |
Parity | |||||||
 Median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.10 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | < 0.001 |
ANC visits in this pregnancy | |||||||
 1 | 191 (22) | 108 (24) | 83 (19) | 0.27 | 50 (19) | 33 (20) | 0.61 |
 2 | 171 (19) | 84 (19) | 87 (20) |  | 58 (21) | 29 (18) |  |
 3 | 526 (59) | 265 (58) | 261 (61) |  | 160 (60) | 101 (62) |  |
Education level completed | |||||||
 Primary | 43 (5) | 16 (3) | 27 (6) | 0.03 | 20 (7) | 7 (4) | 0.25 |
 Secondary | 827 (93) | 428 (94) | 399 (93) |  | 246 (92) | 153 (94) |  |
 Tertiary (University) | 18 (2) | 13 (3) | 5 (1) |  | 2 (1) | 3 (2) |  |
Relationship with father of child | |||||||
 Married/Cohabiting | 392 (44) | 199 (44) | 193 (45) | 0.71 | 133 (50) | 60 (37) | 0.01 |
 Not married/ Non-cohabiting | 496 (56) | 258 (56) | 238 (55) |  | 135 (50) | 103 (63) |  |
Employment status | |||||||
 Formal employment | 301 (34) | 141 (31) | 160 (37) | 0.001 | 101 (38) | 59 (36) | 0.73 |
 Informal employment | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | 1 (1) |  | 1 (1) | 0 (0) |  |
 Attending school/college | 67 (8) | 50 (11) | 17 (4) |  | 9 (3) | 8 (5) |  |
 Unemployed | 516 (58) | 263 (57) | 253 (58) |  | 157 (59) | 96 (59) |  |
Alcohol use in pregnancy | |||||||
 Yes | 87 (10) | 44 (10) | 43 (10) | 0.86 | 25 (9) | 18 (11) | 0.56 |
 No | 801 (90) | 413 (90) | 388 (90) |  | 243 (90) | 145 (89) |  |
New-born characteristics | |||||||
 Infant Sex | |||||||
  Male | 431 (49) | 228 (50) | 203 (47) | 0.4 | 131 (49) | 72 (44) | 0.34 |
  Female | 457 (51) | 229 (50) | 228 (53) |  | 137 (51) | 91 (56) |  |
 Preterm delivery | 101 (11) | 47 (10) | 48 (13) | 0.29 | 32 (12) | 22 (13) | 0.63 |
 Birth weight (median, IQR) | |||||||
  Male | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 0.18 | 3.2 (2.8–3.4) | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 0.43 |
  Female | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 3.2 (2.9–3.4) | 3.1 (2.7–3.3) | 0.004 | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 3.1 (2.6–3.3) | 0.58 |
 Birth length (median, IQR) | |||||||
  Male | 50 (48–52) | 50 (49–52) | 50 (48–52) | 0.21 | 50 (48–52) | 50 (48–52) | 0.93 |
  Female | 50 (48–52) | 50 (48–52) | 50 (48–51) | 0.01 | 50 (48–52) | 49 (47–51) | 0.16 |
 Low birthweight < 2500 g | 95 (11) | 45 (10) | 50 (12) | 0.39 | 31 (11) | 19 (12) | 0.97 |
 Small for GA < 10th centile | 98 (11) | 50 (11) | 48 (11) | 0.92 | 32 (12) | 16 (10) | 0.40 |
Birth z-score, mean (SD) | |||||||
 Weight-for-age | 888 | 0.08 (1.05) | − 0.07 (0.99) | 0.03 | −0.05 (1.02) | − 0.10 (0.94) | 0.65 |
 Length-for-age | 864 | 0.82 (1.70) | 0.61 (1.58) | 0.07 | 0.65 (1.626) | 0.55 (1.53) | 0.53 |