Table 1 Characteristics of the study population in 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys
Variables | EDHS 2000 (n = 12,260) | EDHS 2005 (n = 11,163) | EDHS 2011(n = 11,872) | EDHS 2016 (n = 11,022) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted frequency (%) | Weighted frequency (%) | Weighted frequency (%) | Weighted frequency (%) | |
Region | ||||
 Tigray | 788 (6.4) | 698 (6.3) | 753 (6.3) | 716 (6.5) |
 Afar | 126 (1.0) | 107 (1.0) | 121 (1.0) | 114 (1.0) |
 Amhara | 3202 (26.1) | 2621 (23.5) | 2656 (22.4) | 2072 (18.8) |
 Oromia | 4999 (40.9) | 4411 (39.5) | 5014 (42.2) | 4851 (44.2) |
 Somali | 142 (1.2) | 477 (4.3) | 364 (3.1) | 507 (4.6) |
 Benishangul | 124 (1.0) | 105 (0.9) | 140 (1.2) | 122 (1.1) |
 SNNPRs | 2602 (21.2) | 2500 (22.4) | 2494 (21.1) | 2296 (20.8) |
 Gambella | 29 (0.2) | 31 (0.3) | 40 (0.3) | 27 (0.2) |
 Harari | 25 (0.2) | 22 (0.2) | 29 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) |
 Addis Ababa | 182 (1.5) | 153 (1.3) | 221 (1.9) | 244 (2.2) |
 Dire Dawa | 40 (0.3) | 37 (0.3) | 39 (0.3) | 47 (0.4) |
Place of residence | ||||
 Urban | 1276 (10.4) | 815 (7.3) | 1528 (12.9) | 1215 (11.0) |
 Rural | 10,984 (89.6) | 10,348 (92.7) | 10,344 (87.1) | 9807 (89.0) |
Religion | ||||
 Orthodox | 6042 (49.3) | 4674 (41.9) | 4519 (38.1) | 3772 (34.2) |
 Catholic | 81 (0.7) | 121 (1.1) | 108 (0.9) | 103 (0.9) |
 Protestant | 1959 (16.0) | 2217 (19.9) | 2758 (23.2) | 2329 (21.1) |
 Muslim | 3713 (30.3) | 3875 (34.7) | 4214 (35.5) | 4561 (41.4) |
 Others | 465 (3.8) | 275 (2.5) | 271 (2.3) | 257 (2.3) |
Age of women (in years) | ||||
 < 20 | 557 (4.6) | 575 (5.2) | 491 (4.1) | 378 (3.4) |
 20–29 | 6047(49.3) | 5415 (48.5) | 6158 (51.9) | 5421 (49.2) |
 30–39 | 4272 (34.8) | 4019 (36.0) | 4166 (35.1) | 4261 (38.7) |
 ≥ 40 | 1384 (11.3) | 1154 (10.3) | 1057 (8.9) | 962 (8.7) |
Maternal education | ||||
 No education | 10,062 (82.1) | 8838 (79.2) | 8227 (69.3) | 7284 (66.1) |
 Primary | 1597 (13.0) | 1855 (16.6) | 3211 (27.0) | 2950 (26.8) |
 Secondary and higher | 601 (4.9) | 470 (4.2) | 434 (3.7) | 788 (7.1) |
Husband education | ||||
 No | 7771 (63.4) | 6508 (58.3) | 4866 (47.0) | 4116 (37.3) |
 Primary | 3026 (24.7) | 3350 (30.0) | 583 (4.9) | 798 (7.30 |
 Secondary and higher | 1463 (11.9) | 1305 (11.7) | 6422 (54.1) | 6108 (55.4) |
Sex of household head | ||||
 Male | 10,589 (86.4) | 9943 (89.1) | 10,106 (85.1) | 9494 (86.1) |
 Female | 1671 (13.6) | 1220 (10.9) | 1766 (14.9) | 1528 (13.9) |
Maternal BMI (in Kg/m2) | ||||
 <  18.5 | 2764 (22.5) | 1109 (9.9) | 2439 (20.6) | 2098 (19.0) |
 18.5–24.9 | 9112 (74.3) | 4146 (37.1) | 8678 (73.1) | 7953 (72.2) |
 ≥ 25 | 384 (3.1) | 5908 (53.0) | 755 (6.3) | 971 (8.8) |
Number of ANC visit during pregnancy | ||||
 No visit | 5789 (72.7) | 5225 (46.8) | 4516 (57.1) | 2818 (37.1) |
 1–4 visits | 1573 (19.8) | 4447 (39.8) | 2451 (31.0) | 3536 (46.6) |
 > 4 visits | 604 (7.5) | 1491 (13.4) | 940 (1.9) | 1236 (16.3) |
Child size at birth | ||||
 Small | 4115 (33.6) | 3557 (31.9) | 3519 (29.6) | 2957 (26.8) |
 Average | 4376 (35.7) | 4462 (40.0) | 4548 (38.3) | 4580 (41.6) |
 Large | 3769 (30.7) | 3144 (28.1) | 3805 (32.1) | 3485 (31.6) |
Place of delivery | ||||
 Home | 11,625 (94.8) | 10,502 (94.1) | 10,627 (89.5) | 7997 (72.6) |
 Health facility | 635 (5.2) | 661 (5.9) | 1245 (10.5) | 3025 (27.4) |
Mode of delivery | ||||
 Vaginal | 12,160 (99.3) | 11,050 (99.0) | 11,697(98.5) | 10,810 (98.1) |
 Caesarean section | 100 (0.7) | 113 (1.0) | 175 (1.5) | 212 (1.9) |
Type of birth | ||||
 Single | 11,994 (97.8) | 10,963 (98.2) | 11,597 (97.7) | 10,730 (97.4) |
 Multiple | 266 (2.2) | 200 (1.8) | 275 (2.3) | 292 (2.6) |
Sex of infant | ||||
 Male | 6288 (51.3) | 5723 (51.3) | 6168 (52.0) | 5724 (51.9) |
 Female | 5972 (48.7) | 5440 (48.7) | 5704 (48.0) | 5298 (48.1) |
Ever had termination of pregnancy | ||||
 No | 10,488 (85.5) | 10,267 (92.0) | 10,639 (89.6) | 10,056 (91.2) |
 Yes | 1772 (14.5) | 896 (8.0) | 1233 (10.4) | 966 (8.8) |
Stunting | ||||
 Normal | 7644 (62.4) | 9149 (82.0) | 6893 (58.1) | 6624 (60.1) |
 moderately stunted | 2292 (18.7) | 980 (8.8) | 2258 (19.0) | 1802 (16.3) |
 Severely stunted | 2324 (18.9) | 1034 (9.2) | 2721 (22.9) | 2596 (23.6) |
Underweight | ||||
 Normal | 7937 (64.7) | 9487 (85.0) | 7288 (61.4) | 6998 (63.5) |
 Moderately underweight | 2837 (23.1) | 1192 (10.7) | 2615 (22.0) | 2146 (19.5) |
 Severely underweight | 1486 (12.2) | 484 (4.3) | 1969 (16.6) | 1879 (17.0) |
Wasting | ||||
 Normal | 11,091 (90.5) | 10,701 (95.7) | 9896 (83.4) | 8931 (81.0) |
 Moderately wasted | 1025 (8.3) | 368 (3.5) | 758 (6.4) | 686 (6.2) |
 Severely wasted | 144 (1.2) | 94 (0.8) | 1218 (10.2) | 1406 (12.8) |
Media exposure | ||||
 No | 8932 (72.9) | 7017 (62.9) | 6988 (58.9) | 7375 (66.9) |
 Yes | 3328 (27.1) | 4146 (37.1) | 4884 (41.1) | 3647 (33.1) |
Preceding birth interval | ||||
 <  24 months | 1950 (15.9) | 2246 (20.1) | 1963 (16.5) | 1942 (17.6) |
 ≥ 24 months | 10,310 (84.1) | 8917 (79.9) | 9909 (83.5) | 9080 (82.4) |
Parity | ||||
 1–3 | 5338 (43.6) | 4576 (41.0) | 5295 (44.6) | 4836 (43.9) |
 4–6 | 4038 (32.9) | 3962 (35.5) | 4014 (33.8) | 3732 (33.9) |
 > 6 | 2884 (23.5) | 2625 (23.5) | 2564 (21.6) | 2454 (22.2) |