Fig. 1

Technical roadmap of this research project
Note: inclusion criteria: singleton pregnancy, first antenatal visit is 4–12 weeks of gestation and aged 20 years and above. Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancy, no definite time of last menstruation, have kidney and other endocrine diseases, combined with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and important organ dysfunction and those who can’t complete the follow-up. control group: non-GDM participants