Table 3 Effects of nutrition and reproductive health interventions on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant women (n₁ = n₂ = 97)

 • Psycho-emotional parenting (5 items)

Intervention

53.4 ± 3.8

83.1 ± 5.3

Control

53.2 ± 6.2

53.8 ± 5.7

P value^b

0.96

< 0.001

 • Nutritional parenting (5 items)

Intervention

62.1 ± 5.4

86.6 ± 4.8

Control

62.4 ± 4.3

62.9 ± 3.9

P value^b

0.42

< 0.001

 Nutrition during pregnancy, stunting, and immunity (8 items)

Intervention

54.9 ± 4.4

85.0 ± 2.6

Control

55.3 ± 3.5

56.0 ± 3.8

P value^b

0.65

< 0.001

 Reproductive health (5 items)

Intervention

49.9 ± 3.7

77.5 ± 5.6

Control

50.1 ± 4.2

50.9 ± 4.8

P value^b

0.89

< 0.001

Overall knowledge score (23 items, multiple choice questions)

Intervention

55.1 ± 4.6

83.1 ± 5.2

Control

55.3 ± 4.2

55.9 ± 3.4

P value^b

0.72

< 0.001

 • Psycho-emotional parenting (4 items)

Intervention

9.6 ± 1.7

12.8 ± 2.9

Control

9.3 ± 4.4

9.5 ± 3.4

P value^b

0.49

< 0.001

 • Nutritional parenting (4 items)

Intervention

10.2 ± 6.1

13.6 ± 4.4

Control

10.6 ± 4.8

10.8 ± 3.2

P value^b

0.35

< 0.001

 Nutrition during pregnancy, stunting, and immunity (4 items)

Intervention

9.6 ± 3.6

12.2 ± 2.8

Control

9.7 ± 3.4

9.8 ± 3.6

P value^b

0.54

< 0.001

 Reproductive health (4 items)

Intervention

7.8 ± 4.9

10.2 ± 2.7

Control

7.5 ± 5.5

7.5 ± 4.8

P value^b

0.46

< 0.001

Overall attitude score (16 items, 4 point Likert scale)

Intervention

40.2 ± 4.2

49.0 ± 4.5

Control

40.1 ± 3.8

40.5 ± 5.2

P value^b

0.82

< 0.001

 Psycho-emotional parenting during pregnancy (4 items)

Intervention

9.0 ± 3.6

12.2 ± 6.7

Control

8.8 ± 4.7

9.0 ± 4.6

P value^b

0.66

< 0.001

 Dietary practices (4 items)

Intervention

9.2 ± 5.2

12.9 ± 4.2

Control

9.1 ± 3.9

9.4 ± 3.6

P value^b

0.78

< 0.001

 Reproductive health (4 items)

Intervention

7.4 ± 4.1

10.4 ± 5.4

Control

7.2 ± 6.4

7.4 ± 3.1

P value^b

0.58

0.002

Overall practices score (12 items, 4 point Likert scale)

Intervention

36.2 ± 4.3

40.2 ± 4.9

Control

36.0 ± 6.2

36.3 ± 6.8

P value^b

0.45

< 0.001