Table 1 Maternal anthropometric, social, obstetrical and psychological characteristics in 434 women with and without probable PPD according to EPDS score cut-off of > 10 (N, %, mean and SD)
Variable | Group | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Women with probable postpartum depression (n = 217) | Women without probable postpartum depression (n = 217) | ||
Anthropometric characteristics | |||
 Age (years) | |||
  Mean (SD) | 26.22 (4.30) | 25.56 (4.08) | 0.102^ |
  Min – Max | 18–40 | 19–36 | |
 Age | |||
   < =25 yrs | 111 (51.2) | 118 (54.4) | 0.785@ |
  26–30 yrs | 77 (35.5) | 73 (33.6) | |
   > 30 yrs | 29 (13.4) | 26 (12.0) | |
 BMI (kg/m2) | |||
  Mean (SD) | 25.08 (4.55) | 25.61 (4.57) | 0.225^ |
  Min – Max | 13.33–39.12 | 13.90–40.50 | |
 BMI (kg/m2) | |||
   < =18.5 | 12 (5.5) | 6 (2.8) | 0.523@ |
   > 18.5–24.9 | 109 (50.2) | 109 (50.2) | |
   > 24.9–29.9 | 60 (27.7) | 62 (28.6) | |
   > 30 | 36 (16.6) | 40 (18.4) | |
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
 Family structure | |||
  Extended | 149 (68.7) | 150 (69.1) | 0.917@ |
  Nuclear | 68 (31.3) | 67 (30.8) |  |
 SESa | |||
  Lower | 4 (1.8) | 9 (4.2) | 0.002@ |
  Upper lower | 112 (51.6) | 142 (65.4) | |
  Lower middle | 54 (24.9) | 31 (14.3) | |
  Upper middle | 47 (21.7) | 32 (14.8) | |
  Upper | – | 3 (1.4) | |
 Total children | |||
  1 | 116 (53.5) | 148 (68.2) | 0.002@ |
   > =2 | 101 (46.5) | 69 (31.8) | |
 Marital dissatisfaction | |||
  No | 153 (70.5) | 213 (98.2) | < 0.001@ |
  Yes | 64 (29.5) | 4 (1.8) | |
 Any death in the family in the last one year | |||
  No | 213 (98.2) | 215 (99.1) | 0.411@ |
  Yes | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
 Breast feeding | |||
  Yes | 214 (98.6) | 215 (99.1) | 0.653@ |
  No | 3 (1.4) | 2 (0.9) | |
 Sleeping hours after delivery | |||
   < 6 h/day | 100 (46.1) | 98 (45.2) | 0.847@ |
   > 6 h/day | 117 (53.9) | 119 (54.8) | |
 Are you happy with the baby gender | |||
  Yes | 46 (21.2) | 24 (11.1) | 0.004@ |
  No | 171 (78.8) | 193 (88.9) | |
 Family members happy with the sex of the child | |||
  No | 55 (25.4) | 49 (22.6) | 0.500@ |
  Yes | 162 (74.6) | 168 (77.4) | |
Obstetrics characteristics | |||
 Parity | |||
  Primi | 102 (47.0) | 120 (55.3) | 0.084@ |
  Multi | 115 (53.0) | 97 (44.7) |  |
 History of miscarriage/still birth | |||
  No | 165 (76.0) | 165 (76.0) | 0.087@ |
  Miscarriage | 51 (23.5) | 45 (20.7) | |
  Still birth | 1 (0.5) | 7 (3.2) | |
 Pregnancy planning | |||
  Unplanned | 108 (49.8) | 66 (30.4) | < 0.001@ |
  Planned | 109 (50.2) | 151 (69.6) |  |
 Delivery type | |||
  Vaginal | 135 (62.2) | 163 (75.1) | 0.014@ |
  Vaginal assisted | 17 (7.8) | 10 (4.6) | |
  Caesarean | 65 (30.0) | 44 (20.3) | |
 Difficulty in delivery | |||
  Yes | 86 (39.6) | 77 (35.5) | 0.372@ |
  No | 131 (60.4) | 140 (64.5) | |
 Perinatal complications | |||
  Yes | 18 (8.3) | 18 (8.3) | 0.999@ |
  No | 199 (91.7) | 199 (91.7) |  |
Nutritional characteristics | |||
 Diet | |||
  Veg | 11 (5.1) | 13 (6.0) | 0.674@ |
  Mixed diet | 206 (94.9) | 204 (94.0) | |
 Milk | |||
  Seldom | 7 (3.2) | 9 (4.2) | < 0.001@ |
  Once per day | 86 (39.8) | 41 (18.9) | |
  2–3 times per day | 109 (50.5) | 148 (68.2) | |
   > 4 times per day | 14 (6.5) | 19 (8.8) | |
 Curd/Butter milk | |||
  Seldom | 178 (82.0) | 196 (90.3) | 0.002@ |
  1–2 times per week | 11 (5.1) | 13 (6.0) | |
  3–4 times per week | 11 (5.1) | 6 (2.8) | |
  Once a day | 17 (7.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
 Fishes | |||
  Seldom | 65 (30.4) | 64 (29.6) | 0.808@ |
  1–2 times per week | 83 (38.8) | 87 (40.3) | |
  3–4 times per week | 54 (25.2) | 57 (26.4) | |
  Once a day | 12 (5.6) | 8 (3.7) | |
 Meat | |||
  Seldom | 85 (39.7) | 74 (34.3) | 0.012 |
  1–2 times per week | 88 (41.1) | 88 (40.7) | |
  3–4 times per week | 25 (11.7) | 47 (21.8) | |
  Once a day | 16 (7.5) | 7 (3.2) | |
 Egg | |||
  Seldom | 38 (17.7) | 32 (14.8) | < 0.001@ |
  1–2 times per week | 36 (16.7) | 100 (46.3) | |
  3–4 times per week | 55 (25.6) | 68 (31.5) | |
  Once a day | 86 (40.0) | 16 (7.4) | |
 Term baby | |||
  Pre-term | 34 (15.7) | 24 (11.1) | 0.158@ |
  Term | 183 (84.3) | 193 (88.9) | |
 Gender of baby | |||
  Male | 121 (55.8) | 133 (61.3) | 0.242@ |
  Female | 96 (44.2) | 84 (38.7) | |