Table 4 Estimated odds ratios and confidence intervals from multiple regression models on the determinants of facility-based delivery in Uganda

OLS⁺

Empty Model

Mixed with individual level variables only

Mixed with community level variables only

Mixed with both levels of variables

Mixed without variables with most missing

1

2

3

4

5

6

 25–34

0.074***

(0.021–0.128)

1.056

(0.820–1.359)

1.099 (0.852–1.417)

1.073

(0.860–1.339)

 35–49

0.064*

(− 0.003–0.131)

0.898 (0.673–1.200)

0.900 (0.673–1.204)

0.806* (0.624–1.041)

 2–4 children

− 0.146***

(− 0.215 - -0.076)

 5+ children

− 0.205***

(− 0.287- -0.123)

 Primary

0.085***

(0.030–0.141)

1.492***

(1.110–2.005)

1.436**

(1.068–1.931)

 Secondary

0.197***

(0.125–0.268)

3.007***

(1.100–4.527)

2.831***

(1.874–4.276)

 Tertiary +

0.197***

(0.066–0.328)

4.529***

(1.545–13.273)

4.130***

(1.407–12.123)

 Primary

0.014

(−0.045–0.072)

1.064

(0.772–1.467)

1.075 (0.779–1.483)

 Secondary

0.088***

(0.020–0.156)

1.743***

(1.192–2.548)

1.655 ***

(1.129–2.427)

 Tertiary +

0.117**

(0.017–0.218)

2.769***

(1.475–5.198)

2.614 ***

(1.387–4.927)

 Married polygamous

−0.001

(− 0.045–0.043)

0.864

(0.679–1.100)

0.917 (0.719–1.168)

0.971 (0.781–1.208)

 Divorced/separated

0.039

(−0.029–0.108)

1.310

(0.895–1.916)

1.285 (0.878–1.881)

1.219 (0.884–1.682)

 Widow

− 0.020

(−0.123–0.083)

1.204

(0.682–2.126)

1.157

(0.647–2.070)

1.288 (0.759–2.188)

 Never married

−0.121***

(− 0.212 - -0.030)

0.785

(0.488–1.263)

0.773 (0.480–1.244)

0.921 (0.624–1.361)

 Number of children who have died

−0.027***

(− 0.045- -0.009)

0.867***

(0.788–0.954)

0.868***

(0.789–0.956)

0.829*** (0.760–0.905)

 Female economic empowerment (Works for wage etc.)

0.031

(−0.020–0.083)

1.263

(0.946–1.687)

1.233 (0.922–1.649)

1.124 (0.870–1.452)

 Socioeconomic Status (Poor)

−0.071***

(− 0.111- -0.031)

0.760***

(0.617–0.936)

0.776**

(0.629–0.958)

0.602*** (0.500–0.726)

 High infant mortality county

−0.094***

(− 0.140- -0.048)

1.133 (0.762–1.685)

1.011

(0.673–1.518)

1.074 (0.728–1.584)

 Highly educated women county

0.016

(−0.027–0.059

1.214 (0.786–1.876)

1.116 (0.717–1.737)

1.184 (0.773–1.812)

 Highly educated household heads county

0.079***

(0.033–0.125)

1.957***

(1.265–3.028)

1.669 *

(1.067–2.610)

1.960***

(1.277–3.009)

 Poor county

−0.064***

(− 0.107- -0.021)

0.579***

(0.388–0.864)

0.642**

(0.424–0.972)

0.663**

(0.446–0.983)

 Large family norm county (% women with more than 5 children in county)

0.109***

(0.065 - 0.153)

 Short distance to any health facility (minutes)

0.108***

(0.068–0.148)

1.642*** (1.108–2.433)

1.659***

(1.109–2.482)

1.675***

(1.139–2.463)

 Good presence of at least one health facility with good quality rating

0.010

(−0.028–0.048)

1.299 (0.896 1.881)

1.222 (0.834–1.792)

1.273 (0.885–1.831)

 Prevalence of economically empowered women (Working women)

−0.026

(− 0.064 - 0.012)

0.996 (0.679–1.461)

1.083 (0.730–1.605)

1.008 (0.692–1.468)

 Rural

−0.030

(− 0.072–0.013)

0.759 (0.486–1.183)

0.858 (0.545–1.350)

0.826 (0.534–1.276)

 Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)

1.970

 Proportional Change in Variance (PCV)

0.224

0.434

0.468

0.474

 Intracluster Correlation Coefficient (ICC)

30.519

25.438

19.912

18.942

18.769

 Log likelihood

− 1942.450

− 1512.475

− 1884.628

− 1467.053

− 1816.827

 Random Effect Variance (Covariance)

1.445

(0.233)

1.122 (0.208)

0.818 (0.151)

0.769 (0.156)

0.760 (0.145)

 Number of level 1 units

2643

3310

2688

3258

2643

3216

 Number of level 2 units

141

141

138

138

138