Table 1 Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes

Maternal age (years):

34.59 (4.7) *

Maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy (kg):

69 (25) **

Maternal height (cm):

162.56 cm (6.13) *

Maternal BMI at the beginning of gestation (kg/m²):

25.92 kg/m² (8.62) **

 - Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

8 (3.4%) ***

 - Normal BMI (18.5–24.9)

94 (40.2%) ***

 - Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)

61 (26.1%) ***

 - Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)

71 (30.3%) ***

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

11 (4.8%) ***

 - Gestational hypertension

5 (2.2%) ***

 - Chronic hypertension

5 (2.2%)

 - Preeclampsia

1 (0.4%)

 glycemic control with diet and exercise

151 (65.4%) ***

 Insulin required

80 (34.6%) ***

Gestational age at birth (weeks):

39 weeks (2) **

 - < 34 weeks

5 (2.1%) ***

 - 34–34 + 6 weeks

12 (5.1%) ***

 - 37–40 + 6 weeks

198 (84.6%) ***

 - ≥ 41 weeks

19 (8.1%) ***

 - Female

102 (43.6%) ***

 - Male

132 (56.4%) ***

Birth weight (g)

3302 (506.47) *

Birth length (cm)

49.68 cm (2.19) *

 < 7

8 (3.5%) ***

 ≥ 7

223 (96.5%) ***

 < 7

0

 ≥ 7

231 (100%) ***