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Table 5 Relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of SGA by maternal total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels divided in percentile groups, at enrolment, 20 and 30 weeks gestationa

From: Maternal plasma lipid levels across pregnancy and the risks of small-for-gestational age and low birth weight: a cohort study from rural Gambia

Gestation week

mg/dL

SGA,n(%)

Unadjusted

Adjustedb

RR (95%CI)

p-value

aRR (95%CI)

p-value

Total cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 88.6

13 (26.5)

0.78 (0.48, 1.3)

0.312

0.82 (0.51, 1.3)

0.422

Ref (10th─90th)

88.6─170.5

133 (34.1)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 170.5

11 (22.5)

0.66 (0.38, 1.1)

0.128

0.73 (0.42, 1.2)

0.246

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 112.9

16 (38.1)

1.2 (0.79, 1.8)

0.401

1.1 (0.69, 1.8)

0.672

Ref (10th─90th)

112.9─185.6

109 (31.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 185.6

11 (25.6)

0.80 (0.47, 1.4)

0.419

0.86 (0.51, 1.5)

0.576

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 123.6

15 (30.6)

0.93 (0.59, 1.4)

0.742

0.82 (0.51, 1.3)

0.427

Ref (10th─90th)

123.6─214.2

129 (33)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 214.2

10 (20)

0.61 (0.34, 1.1)

0.087

0.65 (0.36, 1.2)

0.142

HDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 33.6

18 (33.3)

1.0 (0.67, 1.5)

0.981

1.2 (0.82, 1.7)

0.352

Ref (10th─90th)

33.6─68.4

139 (33.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 68.4

15 (28.3)

0.85 (0.54, 1.3)

0.489

0.82 (0.50, 1.4)

0.443

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 36.3

19 (40.4)

1.4 (0.95, 2.0)

0.095

1.7 (1.3, 2.3)

0.052

Ref (10th─90th)

36.3─70

108 (29.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 70

16 (34)

1.2 (0.76, 1.8)

0.482

1.2 (0.81, 1.9)

0.312

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 33.3

15 (28.9)

0.88 (0.56, 1.4)

0.580

0.80 (0.51, 1.3)

0.337

Ref (10th─90th)

33.3─ 68.4

131 (32.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

>  68.4

17 (30.9)

0.94 (0.62, 1.4)

0.787

0.88 (0.57, 1.3)

0.543

LDL cholesterol

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 43.3

18 (30.5)

0.92 (0.61, 1.4)

0.688

0.89 (0.59, 1.4)

0.601

Ref (10th─90th)

43.3─106

137 (33.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 106

17 (31.5)

0.95 (0.63, 1.4)

0.806

1.0 (0.66, 1.5)

0.991

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 53.4

15 (32.6)

1.1 (0.69, 1.7)

0.733

1.05 (0.65, 1.7)

0.851

Ref (10th─90th)

53.4─122.6

112 (30.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 122.6

16 (34)

1.1 (0.74, 1.7)

0.582

1.3 (0.84, 1.9)

0.265

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 62.3

18 (35.3)

1.0 (0.70, 1.5)

0.843

0.86 (0.54, 1.4)

0.543

Ref (10th─90th)

62.3─146.6

137 (33.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 146.6

8 (15.4)

0.45 (0.24, 0.90)

0.018

0.45 (0.23, 0.90)

0.017

Triglycerides

Enrolmentc

Low (<10th)

< 35.4

12 (24.5)

0.73 (0.44, 1.2)

0.229

0.70 (0.42, 1.2)

0.181

Ref (10th─90th)

35.4─88.6

142 (33.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 88.6

18 (33.3)

1.0 (0.67, 1.5)

0.982

0.95 (0.62, 1.5)

0.798

20 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 53.1

20 (35.1)

1.1 (0.74, 1.6)

0.653

1.1 (0.75, 1.6)

0.649

Ref (10th─90th)

53.1─112.5

116 (32.1)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 112.5

9 (19.2)

0.60 (0.30, 1.1)

0.095

0.70 (0.40, 1.2)

0.195

30 weeks

Low (<10th)

< 65.5

15 (31.3)

0.92 (0.59, 1.4)

0.709

0.83 (0.53, 1.3)

0.444

Ref (10th─90th)

65.5─134.6

139 (34)

Ref

 

Ref

 

High (>90th)

> 134.6

9 (17.7)

0.52 (0.28, 0.99)

0.035

0.54 (0.29, 1.0)

0.068

  1. aBinary regression models between the risk of SGA and maternal lipid levels divided by percentile groups; <10th percentile (low), 10th─90th (reference, Ref), >90th percentile (high)
  2. bAdjusted relative risk were adjusted with enrolment maternal age, parity, hemoglobin concentration, BMI, supplement group, and compliance to supplement during pregnancy, and infant birth sex and birth season
  3. cMean (SD) gestational age at enrolment was 13.9 (3.3) weeks gestation
  4. Abbreviations: HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, (a)RRR adjusted relative risk reduction, SGA small-for-gestational-age
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