Table 1 The characteristics of included studies
Study | Country | Maternal age (years) mean (SD) | gestational age (weeks) mean (SD) | RPCA | EA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logtenberg 2017 [15] | Nertherlands | RPCA: 31.7 (3.9) EA: 31.8 (4.2) | RPCA:36.1 (34.3–37.6) EA:36.1 (33.9–37.7) | boluses:30 μg (20 to 40) lockout time:3 min no background infusion | Loading dose: 25 mg ropivacaine 0.2% CI: 0.1% ropivacaine plus sufentanil 0.5 μg/ml |
Freeman 2015 [14] | Nertherlands | RPCA:31.5 (5.1) EA:31.7 (4.8) | RPCA: 37.8 (35.5–39.2) EA:37.1 (35.3–39.0) | boluses:30 μg (20 to 40) lockout time: 3 min no background infusion | epidural analgesia: ropivacaine or bupivacaine, or levobupivacaine plus sufentanil |
Douma 2015 [16] | Nertherlands | RPCA:32 (4.8) EA:31 (5.6) Con:33 (4.5) | RPCA:39 EA:40 Con:40 | bolus:40 μg lockout time: 2 min no background infusion | loading dose:25 mg (12.5 ml ropivacaine 0.2%) CI: ropivacaine 0.1% plus sufentanil 0.5 μg/ml |
Stocki 2014 [17] | Israel | RPCA:31(5) EA:30 (6) | not reported | bolus:20-60 μg lockout time:2 min no background infusion | loading dose: 0.1% bupivacaine with 50 μg fentanyl 15 ml CI: 0.1% bupivacaine with 2 μg/ml fentanyl, PCA 10 ml lockout interval: 20 min |
Ismail 2012 [21] | china | RPCA:28.35(5.54) EA:28.6 (5.49) CSEA:28.8 (5.50) | RPCA:39.2 (1.1) EA:39.0 (1.3) CSEA:39.1 (1.2) | bolus: 25 μg CI:0.1–0.9 μg/kg lockout time: 1 min | loading dose: 8 ml 0.125% levobupivacaine with 2 μg/mL fentanyl CI: 0.125% levobupivacaine with 2 μg/ml fentanyl, 8 ml/h CSEA: 2 mg levobupivacaine and 15 μg fentanyl (total 2 ml) |
Evron 2008 [20] | Israel | RPCA: 29 (7) EA: 28 (5) RPCA+EA: 27 (5) RPCA+acetaminophen: 27 (4) | not reported | bolus: 20 μg lockout time: 3 min no background infusion | loading dose: 5–10 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine CI: 10 mg/h 0.2% ropivacaine PCEA: 10 mg 0.2% ropivacaine lockout: 20 min |