Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 3510)
From: Maternal coffee intake and the risk of bleeding in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis
Variables | Frequency of coffee consumption | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seldom coffee drinkers (n = 1077) | Light coffee drinkers (< 1 cup/day) (n = 595) | Moderate coffee drinkers (1 cup/day) (n = 1202) | Heavy coffee drinkers (≥2 cups/day) (n = 636) | ||
Maternal age, years | 32.8 ± 3.8 | 33.1 ± 3.8 | 33.4 ± 3.6 | 34.1 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
20–24 | 11(1.0) | 7(1.2) | 5(0.4) | 1(0.2) | < 0.001 |
25–29 | 203(18.8) | 99(16.6) | 184(15.3) | 62(9.7) | |
30–34 | 515(47.8) | 277(46.6) | 558(46.4) | 292(45.9) | |
35–39 | 303(28.1) | 185(31.1) | 392(32.6) | 220(34.6) | |
≥ 40 | 45(4.2) | 27(4.5) | 63(5.2) | 61(9.6) | |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 1055(98.0) | 581(97.6) | 1184(98.5) | 620(97.5) | 0.446 |
Unmarried | 22(2.0) | 13(2.2) | 18(1.5) | 15(2.4) | |
Divorced/ Widowed/ Separated | 0(0.0) | 1(0.2) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.2) | |
Educational status | |||||
≤ High school | 92(8.5) | 54(9.1) | 83(6.9) | 64(10.1) | 0.075 |
College or university | 810(75.2) | 442(74.3) | 923(76.8) | 447(70.3) | |
≥ Graduate school | 175(16.2) | 99(16.6) | 196(16.3) | 125(19.7) | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 113.1 ± 13.1 | 114.6 ± 14.1 | 114.1 ± 13.3 | 114.6 ± 13.0 | 0.068 |
BMI, kg/m2 * | 21.3 ± 3.1 | 21.8 ± 3.2 | 21.7 ± 3.0 | 22.2 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
< 18.5 | 155(14.4) | 52(8.7) | 116(9.7) | 50(7.9) | < 0.001 |
18.5–22.9 | 677(62.9) | 379(63.7) | 772(64.2) | 379(59.6) | |
23.0–24.9 | 134(12.4) | 81(13.6) | 157(13.1) | 104(16.4) | |
25.0–29.9 | 91(8.4) | 67(11.3) | 137(11.4) | 86(13.5) | |
≥ 30.0 | 20(1.9) | 16(2.7) | 20(1.7) | 17(2.7) | |
Emesis | 801(74.4) | 447(75.1) | 942(78.4) | 497(78.1) | 0.085 |
Bleeding in early pregnancy | 173(16.1) | 103(17.3) | 226(18.8) | 134(21.1) | 0.059 |
Stabilization | 130(75.1) | 80(77.7) | 172(76.1) | 98(73.1) | 0.987 |
Drug treatment | 34(19.7) | 19(18.4) | 42(18.6) | 29(21.6) | |
Inpatient treatment | 9(5.2) | 4(3.9) | 12(5.3) | 7(5.2) | |
Number of fetus | |||||
Singleton | 1061(98.5) | 584(98.2) | 1188(98.8) | 623(98.0) | 0.461 |
Twin | 16(1.5) | 11(1.8) | 14(1.2) | 13(2.0) | |
Parity | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.005 |
0 | 677(62.9) | 341(57.3) | 681(56.7) | 399(62.7) | 0.001 |
1 | 362(33.6) | 223(37.5) | 454(37.8) | 192(30.2) | |
≥ 2 | 38(3.5) | 31(5.2) | 67(5.6) | 45(7.1) | |
History of depression | 5(0.5) | 3(0.5) | 8(0.7) | 5(0.8) | 0.037 |
Antenatal depressive symptoms | 194(18.0) | 113(19.0) | 217(18.1) | 141(22.2) | 0.136 |
Type of coffee (n = 2394) | |||||
Black coffee | 355(60.4) | 781(65.9) | 402(64.7) | < 0.001 | |
Black coffee with sugar | 50(8.5) | 96(8.1) | 23(3.7) | ||
Black coffee with non-dairy creamer | 28(4.8) | 47(4.0) | 15(2.4) | ||
Instant coffee with sugar and non-dairy creamer | 155(26.4) | 261(22.0) | 181(29.1) | ||
Cigarette smoking | |||||
Never smoked | 970(90.1) | 546(91.8) | 1081(89.9) | 538(84.6) | < 0.001 |
Former smoker | 107(9.9) | 47(7.9) | 121(10.1) | 96(15.1) | |
Current smoker | 0(0.0) | 2(0.3) | 0(0.0) | 2(0.3) | |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
Never drank | 245(22.7) | 129(21.7) | 193(16.1) | 98(15.4) | < 0.001 |
Former drinker | 830(77.1) | 465(78.2) | 1009(83.9) | 537(84.4) | |
Current drinker | 2(0.2) | 1(0.2) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.2) | |
Physical activity (n = 3459) | |||||
Static activity | 265(24.9) | 132(22.5) | 259(21.9) | 136(21.8) | < 0.001 |
Light activity | 551(51.8) | 352(60.0) | 693(58.5) | 387(61.9) | |
Moderate activity | 246(23.1) | 103(17.5) | 232(19.6) | 100(16.0) | |
≤ Vigorous activity | 1(0.1) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 2(0.3) | |