Effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on risk of adverse maternal outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Northwest Ethiopia

Table 4 Summary of Log-binomial regression analysis (models I–IV) showing the effect GDM on adverse maternal outcomes (each type) among women completed the follow up from pregnancy through to delivery in Gondar town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia March 2018- March, 2019 (n = 694)

Maternal outcome	Model I		Model II		Model III		Model IV
Maternal outcome	CRR (95% CI)	P -value	ARR (95% CI)	P value	ARR (95% CI)	P value	ARR (95% CI)	P value
Composite adverse maternal outcome	1.79 (1.45, 2.21)	< 0.001	1.71 (1.36, 2.14)	< 0.001	1.70 (1.33, 2.17)	< 0.001	1.58 (1.22, 2.04)	0.001
Cesarean delivery	2.26 (1.66, 3.08)	< 0.001	2.30 (1.59,3.34)	< 0.001	2.29 (1.50, 3.50)	< 0.001	1.67 (1.15, 2.44)	0.007
Pregnancy induced hypertension	3.23 (1.73, 6.04)	< 0.001	3.19 (1.67, 6.11)	0.000	2.99 (1.44, 6.20)	0.003	3.32 (1.55, 7.11)	0.002
Labor induction	1.72 (1.13, 2.59)	0.010	1.52 (0.97, 2.38)	0.065	1.40 (0.86, 2.28)	0.175	1.20 (0.73,1.98)	0.478
Premature rupture of membranes	1.93 (1.19, 3.13)	0.007	1.92 (1.15, 3.22)	0.013	1.86 (1.05, 3.27)	0.033	1.83 (1.02, 3.27)	0.043
Antepartum hemorrhage	2.96 (1.75, 4.99)	< 0.001	2.91 (1.65, 5.12)	< 0.001	2.25 (1.20, 4.20)	0.011	2.10 (1.11, 3.98)	0.022
Postpartum hemorrhage	4.21 (2.21, 8.02)	< 0.001	4.69 (2.47, 8.87)	< 0.001	4.34 (2.06, 9.13)	< 0.001	4.85 (2.28, 10.30)	< 0.001

CRR Crude relative risk, ARR Adjusted relative risk, CI Confidence interval
Notes: Model I: shows crude relative risk. Model II: Adjusted for maternal and socio-demographic variables. Model III: Adjusted for maternal/socio-demographic variables plus life style variables (dietary diversity and physical activity). Model IV: Adjusted for maternal/socio demographic variables, life style variables (dietary diversity and physical activity) plus antenatal depression.

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