Table 1 Sample characteristics between vaginal delivery and cesarean section
Characteristicsa | Overall (n = 1363) | Vaginal delivery (n = 767, 56.3%) | Cesarean section (n = 596, 43.7%) | χ2/T* | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GWG (continuous, kg) | 13.5 (10.5, 16.2) | 13.1 (10.5, 16.0) | 13.9 (11.0, 16.8) | 8.072 | 0.004 |
GWG (categorical, kg) | |||||
 Below | 382 (28.1) | 245 (32.0) | 137 (23.0) | 21.102 | < 0.001 |
 Within | 604 (44.3) | 342 (44.6) | 262 (44.0) | ||
 Above | 376 (27.6) | 179 (23.4) | 197 (33.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
 Under weight (< 18.5) | 195 (14.3) | 132 (17.2) | 63 (10.6) | 26.697 | < 0.001 |
 Normal weight (18.5 ~ 24) | 994 (73.0) | 563 (73.5) | 431 (72.3) | ||
 Overweight/obese (≥ 24.0) | 173 (12.7) | 71 (9.3) | 102 (17.1) | ||
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | |||||
 Yes | 515 (37.8) | 281 (36.7) | 234 (39.4) | 0.932 | 0.334 |
 No | 848 (62.2) | 486 (63.3) | 362 (60.6) | ||
Maternal age (years) | |||||
 <25 | 232 (17.1) | 151 (19.7) | 81 (13.6) | 47.035 | < 0.001 |
 25–29 | 716 (52.5) | 436 (56.8) | 280 (47.0) | ||
 30–35 | 291 (21.3) | 137 (17.9) | 154 (25.8) | ||
 ≥ 35 | 124 (9.1) | 43 (5.6) | 81 (13.6) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
 Han | 1334 (97.9) | 755 (98.6) | 579 (97.1) | 2.673 | 0.102 |
 Minorities | 29 (2.1) | 12 (1.4) | 17 (2.9) | ||
Education (schooling years) | |||||
 ≤ 12 | 314 (23.1) | 165 (21.6) | 149 (25.1) | 2.909 | 0.233 |
 13–15 | 954 (70.3) | 545 (71.2) | 409 (69.0) | ||
 ≥ 16 | 90 (6.6) | 55 (7.2) | 35 (5.9) | ||
Employment | |||||
 Yes | 1141 (83.7) | 656 (85.5) | 485 (81.5) | 3.685 | 0.055 |
 No | 222 (16.3) | 111 (14.5) | 111 (18.5) | ||
Personal income (Yuan/month) | |||||
 < 3000 | 46 (3.4) | 24 (3.1) | 22 (3.7) | 1.210 | 0.751 |
 3000–4999 | 397 (29.3) | 224 (29.4) | 173 (29.1) | ||
 5000–9999 | 617 (45.5) | 354 (46.5) | 263 (44.3) | ||
 ≥ 10,000 | 296 (21.8) | 160 (21.0) | 136 (22.9) | ||
Gravidity | |||||
 1 | 594 (43.6) | 377 (49.2) | 217 (36.5) | 39.522 | < 0.001 |
 2 | 401 (29.5) | 232 (30.3) | 169 (28.4) | ||
 ≥ 3 | 366 (26.9) | 157 (20.5) | 209 (35.1) | ||
Parity | |||||
 primiparous | 942 (70.0) | 580 (76.5) | 362 (61.5) | 35.025 | < 0.001 |
 multiparous | 405 (30.0) | 178 (23.5) | 227 (38.5) | ||
Drinking status | |||||
 Yes | 107 (29.5) | 59 (7.7) | 48 (8.1) | 0.021 | 0.883 |
 No | 1256 (70.5) | 708 (92.3) | 548 (91.9) | ||
Smoking status | |||||
 Yes | 51 (3.7) | 26 (3.4) | 25 (4.2) | 0.402 | 0.526 |
 No | 1312 (96.3) | 741 (96.6) | 571 (95.8) | ||
 Physical activity (MET hours/weeks) | 102.6 (78.9, 124.1) | 101.9 (78.3, 124.4) | 103.8 (80.4, 123.7) | 0.381 | 0.537 |
 Energy intake(kcal/day) | 1724 (1496, 1976) | 1734 (1509, 1994) | 1702 (1455, 1968) | 2.022 | 0.155 |
 Anxiety (SAS score) | 36.3 (32.5, 40.4) | 36 (33, 40) | 36 (33, 40) | 0.217 | 0.642 |
 Depression (SDS score) | 38.8 (33.8, 44.2) | 39 (33, 45) | 38 (34, 44) | 0.071 | 0.791 |
 Sleeping (PSQI score) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 4 (3, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 0.014 | 0.907 |