Table 3 Multivariable model among pregnant women by early stimulation behavior adjusted for clustering by community, Northern Ghana, N=374

Emotional IPV

1.14 (0.95, 1.37)

0.142

–

–

–

–

Physical IPV

–

–

1.31 (1.01, 1.69)

0.039

–

–

Sexual IPV

–

–

–

–

1.23 (0.97, 1.55)

0.082

# of Pregnancies

0.511

0.536

 1 Pregnancy

REF

REF

REF

0.388

 2–3 Pregnancies

0.94 (0.77, 1.16)

0.97 (0.79, 1.19)

0.93 (0.75, 1.15)

 4+ Pregnancies

0.88 (0.69, 1.11)

0.88 (0.69, 1.11)

0.86 (0.68, 1.07)

Ever Attended Formal School

1.11 (0.90, 1.37)

0.323

1.09 (0.88, 1.36)

0.412

1.09 (0.88, 1.36)

0.417

Depression (PHQ-9)

0.097

0.148

0.085

 None to Mild

REF

REF

REF

 Moderate to Severe

1.19 (0.97,1.46)

1.16 (0.95,1.41)

1.19 (0.97,1.45)

Sufficient Social Support from Female Relatives

0.75 (0.50, 1.08)

0.140

0.75 (0.51, 1.10)

0.135

0.73 (0.49, 1.10)

0.128