Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and bivariate analysis by combined early stimulation behaviors adjusted for clustering by community, Northern Ghana, N=374
Variable | Total N = 374 | Frequently/Sometimes Combined Communication ESB N = 200 | Never/Rarely Combined Communication ESB N = 174 | Risk Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) Hope Score (min, max) | 38.1 (3.8) (27, 48) | 38.3 (3.8) (31, 48) | 37.9 (3.8) (27, 47) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.345 |
Mean (SD) Relationship Communication (min, max) | 26.9 (4.5) (9,35) | 26.9 (4.3) (13, 35) | 26.9 (4.7) (9, 35) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.487 |
Mean (SD) Age (min, max) | 27.0 (6.8) (16, 50) | 26.6 (6.1) (16, 41) | 27.4 (6.4) (17, 50) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.463 |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.498 |
  ≤ 24 | 40.4% | 41.0% | 39.7% | REF |  |
 25–34 | 41.2% | 43.0% | 39.1% | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 18.4% | 16.0% | 31.3% | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) |  |
Mean (SD) # of Pregnancies   (min, max) | 3 (1.9) (1, 9) | 3.3 (1.9) (1, 9) | 3.4 (1.9) (1, 9) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.732 |
Number of pregnancies | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.755 |
 1 pregnancy | 21.9% | 23.0% | 20.7% | REF |  |
 2–3 pregnancies | 34.0% | 35.5% | 32.2% | 0.97 (0.75, 1.26) |  |
 4 or more pregnancies | 44.1% | 41.5% | 47.1% | 0.91 (0.71, 1.18) |  |
Ever Attended Formal School | 51.3% | 54.5% | 47.7% | 1.10 (0.87, 1.38) | 0.418 |
Hunger | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.777 |
 Little to None | 73.0% | 71.5% | 74.7% | REF |  |
 Moderate | 25.1% | 26.0% | 24.1% | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) |  |
 Severe | 1.9% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 1.24 (0.66, 2.32) |  |
Living with Partner | 89.8% | 89.0% | 90.8% | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 0.815 |
Physical Health | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.165 |
 Fair/Poor | 15.5% | 16.5% | 14.4% | REF |  |
 Good | 36.1% | 40.5% | 31.0% | 1.06 (0.69, 1.61) |  |
 Very Good/Excellent | 48.4% | 43.0% | 54.6% | 0.85 (0.57, 1.27) |  |
Controlling Behavior (12 months) N = 354 | 79.1% | 82.1% | 75.6% | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 0.220 |
Emotional IPV (12 months) N = 359 | 44.6% | 50.3% | 37.9% | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39) | 0.031 |
Physical IPV (12 months) N = 359 | 28.4% | 36.3% | 19.3% | 1.35 (1.06, 1.73) | 0.016 |
Sexual IPV (12 Months) N = 358 | 19.5% | 23.4% | 15.1% | 1.27 (1.01,1.58) | 0.038 |
Depression (PHQ-9) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 None to Mild | 80.2% | 74.5% | 86.8% | REF |  |
 Moderate to Severe | 19.8% | 25.5% | 13.2% | 1.33 (1.12,1.58) |  |
Sufficient Social Support from- | |||||
 Husband | 45.8% | 44.4% | 47.4% | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.955 |
 Male Relatives | 22.7% | 18.5% | 27.6% | 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) | 0.191 |
 Female Relatives | 36.9% | 29.5% | 45.4% | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | 0.074 |
 Female Friends | 17.4% | 14.0% | 21.3% | 0.80 (0.59, 1.08) | 0.137 |