Table 4 Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis for the association between institutional cesarean section and selected covariates in survey waves 2006, 2011 and 2016

 Eastern

1.88 (0.85–4.19)

1.31 (0.57–3.03)

2.84 (1.41–5.73) **

1.99 (0.93–4.25)

4.04 (2.35–6.95) ***

3.03 (1.77–5.19) ***

 Central

2.67 (1.42–5.00) **

1.54 (0.78–3.02)

2.98 (1.53–5.78) **

2.15 (1.05–4.40) *

4.14 (2.40–7.13) ***

2.58 (1.52–4.40) **

 Western

2.73 (1.35–5.51) **

1.91 (0.91–4.00)

1.56 (0.76–3.18)

1.38 (0.65–2.90)

4.34 (2.57–7.35) ***

2.91 (1.69–4.99) ***

 Mid-western

1.52 (0.82–2.81)

1.26 (0.58–2.73)

1.21 (0.54–2.67)

1.19 (0.54–2.64)

1.05 (0.53–2.07)

1.07 (0.54–2.12)

 20–29

1.82 (1.12–2.93) *

1.71 (1.01–2.90) *

1.95 (1.36–2.81) ***

1.62 (1.08–2.43) *

2.12 (1.58–2.84) ***

1.49 (1.09–2.02) *

 30+

6.04 (1.94–18.8) **

4.60 (1.70–12.43) **

5.85 (2.18–15.6) ***

4.99 (1.62–15.38) **

6.89 (3.36–14.13) ***

4.85 (2.27–10.39) ***

 First

2.26 (1.26–4.07) **

2.01 (1.10–3.68) *

1.15 (0.84–1.58)

0.99 (0.69–1.43)

1.40 (1.05–1.86) *

1.21 (0.88–1.67)

 Large

2.28 (1.12–4.64) *

2.49 (1.41–4.39) **

1.46 (0.90–2.35)

1.59 (0.95–2.67)

1.54 (1.14–2.08) **

1.62 (1.22–2.14) **

 Small

1.75 (0.96–3.21)

2.05 (1.02–4.12) *

1.11 (0.59–2.06)

1.17 (0.62–2.20)

1.15 (0.83–1.58)

1.36 (0.97–1.90)

 4 and above

1.88 (1.07–3.31) *

1.40 (0.71–2.75)

1.55 (0.94–2.55)

1.35 (0.75–2.45)

1.54 (1.03–2.28) *

1.28 (0.87–1.87)

 Working

0.39 (0.24–0.62) ***

0.50 (0.29–0.88) *

0.60 (0.43–0.83) **

0.81 (0.57–1.17)

0.78 (0.60–1.01)

1.11 (0.83–1.49)

 Poorer

0.66 (0.24–1.79)

0.65 (0.24–1.77)

0.29 (0.08–0.99) *

0.28 (0.09–0.91) *

1.28 (0.69–2.36)

0.95 (0.51–1.80)

 Middle

0.86 (0.30–2.43)

0.70 (0.24–2.09)

1.56 (0.61–3.97)

1.24 (0.50–3.07)

1.80 (0.98–3.31)

1.28 (0.69–2.36)

 Richer

0.93 (0.36–2.37)

0.68 (0.24–1.91)

1.49 (0.59–3.74)

0.90 (0.33–2.43)

2.04 (1.21–3.45) **

1.33 (0.77–2.28)

 Richest

2.48 (1.17–5.29) *

1.77 (0.66–4.79)

2.23 (0.90–5.53)

0.98 (0.35–2.78)

6.01 (3.57–10.11) ***

3.85 (2.12–6.98) ***

 Primary or less

1.21 (0.66–2.23)

0.92 (0.47–1.80)

1.59 (0.85–2.97)

1.56 (0.80–3.06)

0.93 (0.59–1.47)

0.88 (0.54–1.44)

 Secondary +

1.24 (0.62–2.46)

0.61 (0.33–1.10)

1.77 (1.06–2.96) *

1.31 (0.66–2.57)

1.73 (1.18–2.53) **

0.94 (0.60–1.47)

 Urban

1.44 (0.87–2.38)

1.10 (0.63–1.90)

2.31 (1.63–3.26) ***

1.95 (1.34–2.83) ***

1.36 (1.01–1.85) *

0.83 (0.61–1.14)

 Private sector

1.00 (0.55–1.81)

1.33 (0.78–2.26)

2.63 (1.87–3.70) ***

2.37 (1.63–3.44) ***

2.42 (1.76–3.32) ***

2.22 (1.62–3.03) ***