Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of all women of reproductive age grouped by survey waves
From: Trends and correlates of cesarean section rates over two decades in Nepal
|  | NDHS-1996 | Inst. births N = 334% | NDHS-2001 | Inst. births N = 235% | NDHS-2006 | Inst. births N = 854% | NDHS-2011 | Inst. births N = 1682% | NDHS-2016 | Inst. births N = 2485% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All births N = 3821% | All births N = 4693% | All births N = 4182% | All births N = 4079% | All births N = 4006% | ||||||
Age of women | ||||||||||
 ≤ 19 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 8.0 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 11.5 | 8.0 | 11.1 | 8.4 | 9.8 |
 20–29 | 58.7 | 71.7 | 57.4 | 61.4 | 63.6 | 65.9 | 36.6 | 67.6 | 66.3 | 68.0 |
 30 + | 30.7 | 17.4 | 34.6 | 28.1 | 28.4 | 22.6 | 28.4 | 21.3 | 25.3 | 22.2 |
Religion | ||||||||||
 Hindu | 85.9 | 88.0 | 84.1 | 88.4 | 84.9 | 85.1 | 83.0 | 86.0 | 85.6 | 86.0 |
 Others | 14.1 | 12.0 | 15.9 | 11.6 | 15.1 | 14.9 | 17.0 | 14.0 | 14.4 | 14.0 |
Education | ||||||||||
 No education | 79.2 | 41.8 | 72.7 | 48.8 | 57.9 | 28.1 | 43.9 | 24.2 | 31.5 | 20.3 |
 ≤ Primary | 11.4 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 12.4 | 18.3 | 17.9 | 20.1 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 16.8 |
 ≥ Secondary | 9.4 | 41.9 | 12.9 | 38.8 | 23.8 | 54.0 | 36.0 | 57.6 | 49.1 | 62.9 |
Residence | ||||||||||
 Rural | 93.5 | 64.4 | 93.2 | 83.9 | 86.8 | 66.9 | 89.9 | 81.1 | 44.4 | 35.1 |
 Urban | 6.5 | 35.6 | 6.8 | 16.1 | 13.2 | 33.1 | 10.1 | 18.9 | 55.6 | 64.9 |
Cesarean section | ||||||||||
 No | 99.1 | 89.6 | 99.6 | 92.4 | 96.7 | 84.3 | 94.8 | 87.0 | 89.8 | 83.6 |
 Yes | 0.9 | 10.4 | 0.4 | 7.6 | 3.3 | 15.7 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 10.2 | 16.4 |
Age at first marriage | ||||||||||
 ≤ 19 | 88.5 | 74.1 | 87.7 | 77.5 | 83.7 | 68.3 | 77.7 | 68.0 | 74.2 | 67.8 |
 20–29 | 11.3 | 25.0 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 16.0 | 31.3 | 21.9 | 31.6 | 25.0 | 31.0 |
 30 + | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
Age at first birth | ||||||||||
 ≤ 19 | 61.7 | 46.4 | 60.3 | 51.5 | 58.2 | 45.6 | 52.8 | 43.9 | 50.7 | 44.9 |
 20–29 | 37.5 | 50.2 | 39.0 | 47.3 | 40.6 | 51.7 | 46.0 | 54.4 | 48.0 | 53.3 |
 30 + | 0.8 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.8 |
Occupation | ||||||||||
 Not working | 16.9 | 41.4 | 16.2 | 26.1 | 19.4 | 36.2 | 27.7 | 40.2 | 38.7 | 41.8 |
 Working | 83.1 | 58.6 | 83.8 | 73.9 | 80.6 | 63.8 | 72.3 | 59.8 | 61.3 | 58.2 |
Wealth index | ||||||||||
 Poorest | 14.3 | 22.1 | 15.3 | 18.2 | 23.5 | 8.4 | 23.6 | 8.9 | 20.5 | 13.0 |
 Poorer | 20.4 | 25.7 | 18.5 | 17.9 | 21.1 | 10.4 | 21.7 | 14.8 | 21.0 | 17.3 |
 Middle | 19.2 | 17.3 | 15.8 | 21.0 | 20.0 | 12.3 | 21.0 | 19.9 | 21.6 | 21.7 |
 Richer | 18.9 | 18.6 | 22.7 | 19.9 | 18.5 | 22.0 | 18.0 | 24.8 | 20.8 | 24.2 |
 Richest | 27.1 | 16.3 | 27.8 | 23.0 | 16.9 | 46.9 | 15.7 | 31.6 | 16.1 | 23.8 |
Husband’s education | ||||||||||
 No education | 38.8 | 13.3 | 34.9 | 20.3 | 23.5 | 12.0 | 21.0 | 10.8 | 13.5 | 8.2 |
 ≤ Primary | 23.9 | 15.6 | 24.7 | 18.7 | 28.8 | 20.2 | 23.7 | 17.1 | 21.2 | 16.7 |
 ≥ Secondary | 37.2 | 70.7 | 38.1 | 58.6 | 47.2 | 67.7 | 54.8 | 71.9 | 64.3 | 74.1 |
 Missing | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Body mass index | ||||||||||
 High risk weight | 27.5 | 25.3 | 28.6 | 27.4 | 30.6 | 33.1 | 14.8 | 16.2 | 18.1 | 19.0 |
 Normal | 70.8 | 73.1 | 71.3 | 71.9 | 68.7 | 66.3 | 33.8 | 31.5 | 32.4 | 31.3 |
 Missing | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 51.4 | 52.3 | 49.5 | 49.7 |
Size of the baby | ||||||||||
 Smaller than average | 25.7 | 16.3 | 21.3 | 21.9 | 18.5 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 13.2 | 16.7 | 16.6 |
 Average | 42.9 | 48.3 | 55.3 | 54.3 | 58.1 | 60.4 | 65.6 | 66.4 | 67.1 | 65.8 |
 Larger than average | 31.4 | 35.4 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 23.4 | 24.0 | 18.8 | 20.4 | 16.3 | 17.6 |
Birth order | ||||||||||
 First | 21.7 | 39.9 | 20.8 | 37.6 | 26.9 | 49.4 | 31.4 | 48.1 | 37.5 | 48.8 |
 Second + | 78.3 | 60.1 | 79.2 | 62.4 | 73.0 | 50.6 | 68.6 | 51.9 | 62.5 | 51.2 |
Place of delivery | ||||||||||
 Home | 91.7 | 0 | 94.8 | 0 | 79.2 | 0 | 59.8 | 0 | 38.1 | 0 |
 Government sector | 6.2 | 75.1 | 2.0 | 38.1 | 14.4 | 69.2 | 28.3 | 70.4 | 45.6 | 73.6 |
 Private sector | 2.1 | 24.9 | 3.2 | 61.9 | 6.4 | 30.8 | 11.9 | 29.6 | 16.3 | 26.4 |
Antenatal care visits | ||||||||||
 ≤ 3 | 88.2 | 51.8 | 85.8 | 54.1 | 70.5 | 39.6 | 49.9 | 25.9 | 30.6 | 17.7 |
 ≥ 4 | 9.0 | 47.4 | 14.0 | 45.6 | 29.5 | 60.4 | 50.1 | 74.1 | 69.4 | 82.3 |
 Missing | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Development Region | ||||||||||
 Eastern | 21.1 | 20.5 | 23.2 | 20.1 | 21.7 | 18.9 | 24.1 | 26.2 | 23.1 | 24.1 |
 Central | 33.2 | 48.5 | 32.3 | 35.7 | 32.7 | 46.4 | 31.1 | 31.4 | 35.4 | 33.4 |
 Western | 20.0 | 18.3 | 19.2 | 25.2 | 18.6 | 17.7 | 19.7 | 21.0 | 18.9 | 20.0 |
 Mid-western | 15.6 | 6.6 | 14.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 14.4 | 12.3 | 14.0 | 12.7 |
 Far-western | 10.1 | 6.1 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 14.4 | 7.2 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 9.8 |