Fig. 1

Case definitions and diagnosis for neonatal infections. a Approaches to diagnosis of neonatal infection, from simplest clinical algorithm, to infection syndromes through to gold standard with laboratory confirmation (Figure adapted from Seale et al, Lancet Infect Dis, 2014) [9]. b Case ascertainment for neonatal invasive bacterial disease showing the cascade affecting gold standard detection (Figure adapted from Lawn et al, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017) [23]