Hierarchical level, dimension, and variable | Births N (%) | Prevalence LBW N (%) | Prevalence prematurity N (%) | Prevalence IUGR N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | ||||||||
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||||
Regular per capita income (U$) | ||||||||
Extreme Poverty | 241 | 66.8 | 38 | 15.8 | 40 | 16.9 | 12 | 5.2 |
Poverty | 120 | 33.2 | 16 | 13.4 | 17 | 14.3 | 4 | 3.4 |
Above poverty line | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – |
Household characteristics | ||||||||
Principal energy source for cooking | ||||||||
Gas stove | 178 | 49.3 | 20 | 11.3 | 17 | 9.8 | 9 | 5.2 |
Wood burning stove | 44 | 12.2 | 9 | 20.9 | 13 | 29.5 | 2 | 4.9 |
Bonfire | 116 | 32.1 | 20 | 17.2 | 25 | 21.7 | 5 | 4.3 |
Brick and mortar housing | ||||||||
No | 302 | 83.7 | 51 | 16.9 | 47 | 15.8 | 16 | 5.4 |
Yes | 59 | 16.3 | 3 | 5.2 | 10 | 17.5 | 0 | |
Additional covering on walls and ceiling | ||||||||
No | 149 | 41.3 | 17 | 11.5 | 29 | 19.9 | 6 | 4.3 |
Yes | 212 | 58.7 | 37 | 17.5 | 28 | 13.4 | 10 | 4.8 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
< 20 | 133 | 36.8 | 29 | 21.8 | 25 | 19.1 | 9 | 6.9 |
20–34 | 196 | 54.3 | 21 | 10.8 | 25 | 13.0 | 6 | 3.2 |
≥ 35 | 32 | 8.9 | 4 | 12.5 | 7 | 21.9 | 1 | 3.1 |
Maternal height (cm) | ||||||||
> 150 | 116 | 32.1 | 13 | 11.2 | 16 | 14.0 | 5 | 4.4 |
≤ 150 | 234 | 64.8 | 39 | 16.8 | 39 | 16.8 | 10 | 4.4 |
Maternal schooling | ||||||||
Secondary or university | 40 | 11.1 | 6 | 15.0 | 4 | 10.0 | 2 | 5.0 |
Primary | 188 | 52.1 | 28 | 15.0 | 25 | 13.6 | 11 | 6.1 |
No formal schooling | 107 | 29.6 | 14 | 13.2 | 23 | 21.5 | 2 | 1.9 |
Marital status | ||||||||
With husband/partner | 279 | 77.3 | 40 | 14.4 | 43 | 15.6 | 10 | 3.7 |
Without husband/partner | 82 | 22.7 | 14 | 17.3 | 14 | 17.7 | 6 | 7.7 |
Level 2 | ||||||||
Reproductive variables | ||||||||
Parity | ||||||||
Multiparous | 276 | 76.5 | 34 | 12.4 | 39 | 14.3 | 7 | 2.6 |
Primiparous | 84 | 23.3 | 20 | 23.8 | 18 | 22.0 | 9 | 11.1 |
Stillbirths or abortions | ||||||||
No | 65 | 18.0 | 8 | 12.3 | 8 | 12.3 | 1 | 1.6 |
Yes | 290 | 80.3 | 45 | 15.6 | 48 | 16.8 | 14 | 5.0 |
Quality of prenatal care | ||||||||
Limited indicator | ||||||||
Adequate | 207 | 57.3 | 26 | 12.7 | 25 | 12.2 | 10 | 5.0 |
Inadequate | 153 | 42.4 | 28 | 18.3 | 32 | 21.5 | 6 | 4.1 |
Expanded indicator | ||||||||
Adequate | 184 | 51.0 | 24 | 13.2 | 22 | 12.0 | 9 | 5.0 |
Inadequate | 176 | 48.8 | 30 | 17.0 | 34 | 19.9 | 7 | 4.1 |
Level 3 | ||||||||
Maternal morbidity | ||||||||
Hypertension | ||||||||
No | 345 | 95.6 | 50 | 14.6 | 55 | 16.1 | 14 | 4.2 |
Yes | 9 | 2.5 | 3 | 33.3 | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 |
Urinary infection | ||||||||
No | 260 | 72.0 | 37 | 14.3 | 43 | 16.7 | 9 | 3.6 |
Yes | 94 | 26.0 | 16 | 17.0 | 13 | 14.0 | 6 | 6.5 |
Maternal nutrition | ||||||||
Chronic anemia before pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 344 | 95.3 | 48 | 14.0 | 54 | 15.9 | 13 | 3.9 |
Yes | 10 | 2.8 | 5 | 50.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 2 | 20.0 |
Pre gestational nutritional status | ||||||||
Underweight | 9 | 2.5 | 2 | 22.2 | 2 | 22.2 | 1 | 11.1 |
Adequate weight | 211 | 58.4 | 37 | 17.6 | 35 | 16.7 | 8 | 3.9 |
Excess weight | 112 | 31.0 | 10 | 9.0 | 14 | 12.6 | 4 | 3.7 |
Gestational weight gain | ||||||||
Insufficient | 205 | 56.8 | 35 | 17.2 | 32 | 15.6 | 6 | 3.0 |
Adequate | 69 | 19.1 | 7 | 10.3 | 10 | 14.5 | 5 | 7.4 |
Excessive | 47 | 13.0 | 6 | 12.8 | 7 | 14.9 | 2 | 4.3 |
Maternal habits | ||||||||
Smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 340 | 94.2 | 52 | 15.4 | 56 | 16.8 | 15 | 4.6 |
Yes | 20 | 5.5 | 2 | 10.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 |
Alcohol use in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 336 | 93.1 | 48 | 14.4 | 52 | 15.7 | 15 | 4.6 |
Yes | 22 | 6.1 | 6 | 27.3 | 5 | 23.8 | 1 | 4.8 |
Type of deliveries (hospital only) | ||||||||
Vaginal | 207 | 57.3 | 35 | 17.0 | 33 | 16.2 | 10 | 5.0 |
Cesarean | 43 | 11.9 | 5 | 11.6 | 3 | 7.1 | 1 | 2.3 |
Child’s sex | ||||||||
Female | 173 | 47.9 | 31 | 17.9 | 26 | 15.3 | – | – |
Male | 186 | 51.5 | 22 | 12.0 | 31 | 16.8 |