Table 1 Number and proportion of births and prevalence rates of LBW, prematurity, and IUGR according to categories of exploratory variables. Baseline of Guarani Birth Cohort, South and Southeast Brazil, 2014–2016
Hierarchical level, dimension, and variable | Births N (%) | Prevalence LBW N (%) | Prevalence prematurity N (%) | Prevalence IUGR N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | ||||||||
Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||||
Regular per capita income (U$) | ||||||||
Extreme Poverty | 241 | 66.8 | 38 | 15.8 | 40 | 16.9 | 12 | 5.2 |
Poverty | 120 | 33.2 | 16 | 13.4 | 17 | 14.3 | 4 | 3.4 |
Above poverty line | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – |
Household characteristics | ||||||||
Principal energy source for cooking | ||||||||
Gas stove | 178 | 49.3 | 20 | 11.3 | 17 | 9.8 | 9 | 5.2 |
Wood burning stove | 44 | 12.2 | 9 | 20.9 | 13 | 29.5 | 2 | 4.9 |
Bonfire | 116 | 32.1 | 20 | 17.2 | 25 | 21.7 | 5 | 4.3 |
Brick and mortar housing | ||||||||
No | 302 | 83.7 | 51 | 16.9 | 47 | 15.8 | 16 | 5.4 |
Yes | 59 | 16.3 | 3 | 5.2 | 10 | 17.5 | 0 | |
Additional covering on walls and ceiling | ||||||||
No | 149 | 41.3 | 17 | 11.5 | 29 | 19.9 | 6 | 4.3 |
Yes | 212 | 58.7 | 37 | 17.5 | 28 | 13.4 | 10 | 4.8 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
< 20 | 133 | 36.8 | 29 | 21.8 | 25 | 19.1 | 9 | 6.9 |
20–34 | 196 | 54.3 | 21 | 10.8 | 25 | 13.0 | 6 | 3.2 |
≥ 35 | 32 | 8.9 | 4 | 12.5 | 7 | 21.9 | 1 | 3.1 |
Maternal height (cm) | ||||||||
> 150 | 116 | 32.1 | 13 | 11.2 | 16 | 14.0 | 5 | 4.4 |
≤ 150 | 234 | 64.8 | 39 | 16.8 | 39 | 16.8 | 10 | 4.4 |
Maternal schooling | ||||||||
Secondary or university | 40 | 11.1 | 6 | 15.0 | 4 | 10.0 | 2 | 5.0 |
Primary | 188 | 52.1 | 28 | 15.0 | 25 | 13.6 | 11 | 6.1 |
No formal schooling | 107 | 29.6 | 14 | 13.2 | 23 | 21.5 | 2 | 1.9 |
Marital status | ||||||||
With husband/partner | 279 | 77.3 | 40 | 14.4 | 43 | 15.6 | 10 | 3.7 |
Without husband/partner | 82 | 22.7 | 14 | 17.3 | 14 | 17.7 | 6 | 7.7 |
Level 2 | ||||||||
Reproductive variables | ||||||||
Parity | ||||||||
Multiparous | 276 | 76.5 | 34 | 12.4 | 39 | 14.3 | 7 | 2.6 |
Primiparous | 84 | 23.3 | 20 | 23.8 | 18 | 22.0 | 9 | 11.1 |
Stillbirths or abortions | ||||||||
No | 65 | 18.0 | 8 | 12.3 | 8 | 12.3 | 1 | 1.6 |
Yes | 290 | 80.3 | 45 | 15.6 | 48 | 16.8 | 14 | 5.0 |
Quality of prenatal care | ||||||||
Limited indicator | ||||||||
Adequate | 207 | 57.3 | 26 | 12.7 | 25 | 12.2 | 10 | 5.0 |
Inadequate | 153 | 42.4 | 28 | 18.3 | 32 | 21.5 | 6 | 4.1 |
Expanded indicator | ||||||||
Adequate | 184 | 51.0 | 24 | 13.2 | 22 | 12.0 | 9 | 5.0 |
Inadequate | 176 | 48.8 | 30 | 17.0 | 34 | 19.9 | 7 | 4.1 |
Level 3 | ||||||||
Maternal morbidity | ||||||||
Hypertension | ||||||||
No | 345 | 95.6 | 50 | 14.6 | 55 | 16.1 | 14 | 4.2 |
Yes | 9 | 2.5 | 3 | 33.3 | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 |
Urinary infection | ||||||||
No | 260 | 72.0 | 37 | 14.3 | 43 | 16.7 | 9 | 3.6 |
Yes | 94 | 26.0 | 16 | 17.0 | 13 | 14.0 | 6 | 6.5 |
Maternal nutrition | ||||||||
Chronic anemia before pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 344 | 95.3 | 48 | 14.0 | 54 | 15.9 | 13 | 3.9 |
Yes | 10 | 2.8 | 5 | 50.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 2 | 20.0 |
Pre gestational nutritional status | ||||||||
Underweight | 9 | 2.5 | 2 | 22.2 | 2 | 22.2 | 1 | 11.1 |
Adequate weight | 211 | 58.4 | 37 | 17.6 | 35 | 16.7 | 8 | 3.9 |
Excess weight | 112 | 31.0 | 10 | 9.0 | 14 | 12.6 | 4 | 3.7 |
Gestational weight gain | ||||||||
Insufficient | 205 | 56.8 | 35 | 17.2 | 32 | 15.6 | 6 | 3.0 |
Adequate | 69 | 19.1 | 7 | 10.3 | 10 | 14.5 | 5 | 7.4 |
Excessive | 47 | 13.0 | 6 | 12.8 | 7 | 14.9 | 2 | 4.3 |
Maternal habits | ||||||||
Smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 340 | 94.2 | 52 | 15.4 | 56 | 16.8 | 15 | 4.6 |
Yes | 20 | 5.5 | 2 | 10.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 1 | 5.0 |
Alcohol use in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 336 | 93.1 | 48 | 14.4 | 52 | 15.7 | 15 | 4.6 |
Yes | 22 | 6.1 | 6 | 27.3 | 5 | 23.8 | 1 | 4.8 |
Type of deliveries (hospital only) | ||||||||
Vaginal | 207 | 57.3 | 35 | 17.0 | 33 | 16.2 | 10 | 5.0 |
Cesarean | 43 | 11.9 | 5 | 11.6 | 3 | 7.1 | 1 | 2.3 |
Child’s sex | ||||||||
Female | 173 | 47.9 | 31 | 17.9 | 26 | 15.3 | – | – |
Male | 186 | 51.5 | 22 | 12.0 | 31 | 16.8 | ||