Table 1 Social demographic/behavioral characteristics and leukocyte telomere length (N = 297)

Age in years

28.16 ± 6.10

1.16 ± 0.22

-2.96

[.010; -0.02]

0.003**

Age

 <20

13 (4.3)

1.18 ± 0.21

Ref.

 ≥ 20-35

244 (82.2)

1.17 ± 0.22

-0.11

[-021; 0.06]

0.31

 >35

40 (13.5)

1.11 ± 0.22

-0.14

[-013; 0.11]

0.90

Gestational age (weeks) at recruitment

13.04 ± 3.5

0.012

[0.01; 0.2]

0.74

Residence

 Urban

104 (35.0)

1.17 ± 0.21

Ref.

 Rural

193 (65.0)

1.14 ± 0.25

0.5

[-03; 0.08]

0.32

Occupation

 Paying Job

150 (50.5)

1.19 ± 0.23

refer

 Unemployed

147 (49.5)

1.17 ± 0.22

0.8

[-0.01; 0.05]

0.14

Living with a partner (n^a = 296)

 Yes

273 (92.2)

1.17 ± 023

Ref.

 No

23 (7.8)

1.11 ± 0.16

-0.06

[-0.15; 0.04]

0.26

Educational level

 Never schooled

146 (49.2)

1.15 ± 0.23

Ref.

 Primary

61 (20.5)

1.06 ± 0.18

-0.16

[-0.16; -0.3]

.005**

 Secondary or higher

90 (30.3)

1.24 ± 0.21

0.17

[0.03; 0.14]

.003*

Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²)

23.09 (3.39)

1.16 ± 0.22

-2.11

[-0.02; 0.01]

0.03*

BMI (category) (n^a = 293)

 Underweight

11 (3.8)

1.12 ± 0.26

Ref.

 Normal Weight

215 (73.4)

1.18 ± 0.22

0.10

[-0.06;0.17]

0.39

 Overweight

55 (18.7)

1.11 ± 0.23

-0.04

[-0.15; 0.11]

0.73

 Obese

12 (4.1)

1.16 ± 0.25

0.31

[-014; 0.19]

0.75

Alcohol use (at least 2-4 times per month)

 No

228 (76.8)

1.17 ± 0.25

Ref.

 Yes

69 (23.2)

1.16 ± 0.21

0.01

[-0.05; 0.06]

0.83

Gender-based Violence

 Yes

12 (4.0)

1.17 ± 0.22

Ref.

 No

285 (96.0)

1.05 ± 016

0.10

[-0.24; 0.01]

0.08