Table 1 Characteristics of women by trajectory groups (n = 452)
Characteristic | Trajectory Group | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (n = 276, 61.1%) | Group 2 (n = 176, 38.9%) | ||
Age at study entry (years) | 29.91 ± 4.62 | 30.45 ± 4.39 | 0.21 |
  ≤ 30 | 161 (58.3) | 93 (52.8) | 0.48 |
 31–35 | 75 (27.2) | 56 (31.8) |  |
  > 35 | 40 (14.5) | 27 (15.4) |  |
Ethnicity | |||
 Malay | 31 (11.2) | 20 (11.4) | 0.96 |
 Non-Malay | 245 (88.8) | 156 (88.6) |  |
Education level | |||
 Secondary and lower | 140 (50.7) | 67 (38.1) | 0.02* |
 STPM/ Matric/ Diploma/ Certificate | 86 (31.2) | 62 (35.2) |  |
 Tertiary and above | 50 (18.1) | 47 (26.7) |  |
Employment | |||
 Housewife | 104 (37.7) | 36 (20.5) | 0.001** |
 Working | 172 (62.3) | 149 (79.5) |  |
Household income (RM)a | |||
 Low (<  3860) | 191 (69.2) | 96 (54.5) | 0.01¶** |
 Middle (3860–8319) | 77 (27.9) | 74 (42.0) |  |
 High (≥ 8320) | 8 (2.9) | 6 (3.4) |  |
Obstetrical information | |||
 Gravidity | 2.34 ± 1.47 | 2.67 ± 1.44 | 0.01* |
  1 | 108 (39.1) | 34 (19.3) | 0.001** |
  2 | 62 (22.5) | 67 (38.1) |  |
   ≥ 3 | 106 (38.4) | 75 (42.6) |  |
 Parity | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 1.44 ± 0.09 | 0.02* |
  0 | 123 (44.6) | 40 (22.7) | 0.001** |
  1–2 | 116 (42.0) | 104 (59.1) |  |
   ≥ 3 | 37 (13.4) | 32 (18.2) |  |
History of GDM | |||
 No | 262 (94.9) | 160 (90.9) | 0.09 |
 Yes | 14 (5.1) | 16 (9.1) |  |
Family history of DM | |||
 No | 217 (78.6) | 127 (72.2) | 0.12 |
 Yes | 59 (21.4) | 49 (27.8) |  |
Anthropometric measurements | |||
 Height (m) | 1.57 ± 0.06 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | 0.10 |
 Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 58.22 ± 12.32 | 58.63 ± 14.14 | 0.75 |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.76 ± 4.81 | 24.01 ± 5.12 | 0.60 |
  Underweight (<  18.5) | 29 (10.5) | 19 (10.8) | 0.66 |
  Normal (18.5–24.9) | 152 (55.1) | 93 (52.8) |  |
  Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 65 (23.6) | 38 (21.6) |  |
  Obese (≥ 30.0) | 30 (10.8) | 26 (14.8) |  |
Rate of gestational weight gain (GWG) (kg/week) | |||
 Second trimester | 0.39 ± 0.20 | 0.41 ± 0.26 | 0.34 |
  Inadequate | 89 (32.2) | 54 (30.7) | 0.82 |
  Adequate | 93 (33.7) | 57 (32.4) |  |
  Excessive | 94 (34.1) | 65 (36.9) |  |
 Total GWG (kg) | 11.53 ± 6.14 | 11.35 ± 5.61 | 0.75 |
  Inadequate | 104 (38.0) | 64 (36.4) | 0.64 |
  Adequate | 106 (38.7) | 64 (36.4) |  |
  Excessive | 64 (23.3) | 48 (27.2) |  |
Energy intake | |||
 First trimester (kcal/day) | 1572 ± 531.91 | 1583 ± 579.12 | 0.84 |
 Second trimester (kcal/day) | 1977 ± 687.55 | 1919 ± 647.29 | 0.16 |
Maternal glucose level | |||
 Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) | |||
  Gestational weeks at OGTT performed | 28.02 ± 0.15 | 28.01 ± 0.33 | 0.66 |
  Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (mmol/L) | 4.35 ± 0.57 | 4.41 ± 0.48 | 0.55 |
  2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) (mmol/L) | 5.92 ± 1.50 | 5.98 ± 1.53 | 0.67 |
GDM according to MOH criteriab | 22 (8.0) | 26 (14.8) | 0.02* |