Table 1 Baseline subject characteristics
Use of household pesticides during pregnancy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Non-exposed (n = 151) | Exposed (n = 133) | p-value | |
INFANT | ||||
Male sex, n (%) | 86 (58.5) | 63 (48.8) | 0.11 | |
Birth weight (grams), (range) | 3149 (380), (range: 2150–4300) | 3070 (432), (range: 2340–4150) | 0.11 | |
Birth length (cm), (range) | 48.44 (1.68) (range: 43–54) | 48.08 (2.12) (range: 45–52) | 0.14 | |
Head circumference (cm), (range) | 34.38 (1.78), (range 26–39) | 33.89 (2.12) (range 23–37) | 0.08 | |
Gestational age (weeks), (range) | 38.9 (1.5), (range: 35–42) | 38.9 (1.3), (range: 36–42) | 2.1 0.96 | |
Breastfed until 6 months, n (%) | 100 (82.6) | 85 (78.7) | 0.67 | |
MOTHERS | ||||
Maternal age (years) | 28.0 (5.2) | 28.8 (6.2) | 0.29 | |
Paritya | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 0.24 | |
History of abortion, n (%) | 13 (9.4) | 21 (17.6) | 0.16 | |
BMI mother before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 26.2 (4.6) | 26.3 (5.1) | 0.88 | |
BMI increment by pregnancy (kg/m2) | 3.9 (2.3) | 3.6 (2.6) | 0.40 | |
Family income (USD/month), n (%) | >223b | 19 (12.6) | 22 (17.1) | 0.18 |
Educational level mother, n (%) | University level Senior high school | 12 (8.0) 106 (70.7) | 9 (6.8) 82 (62.1) | 0.42 |
Travel using open vehicles, n (%) | 138 (91.4) | 127 (95.5) | 0.31 | |
Travel without face mask, n (%) | 88 (58.3) | 77 (57.9) | 0.59 | |
Passive smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 110 (74.8) | 100 (76.3) | 0.77 | |
Actively smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 2 (1.3) | 3 (2.3) | 0.67 | |
Home fuel resources n (%) | ||||
Kerosene | 11 (7.3) | 12 (9.0) | 0.61 | |
Gas | 133 (88.1) | 118 (88.7) | ||
No garbage burning, n (%) | 134 (88.7) | 99 (74.4) | 0.02 | |
Water resources, n % | ||||
City pipe | 104 (68.9) | 95 (71.4) | 0.53 | |