Table 2 Identified themes, sub-themes, and categories from pre- and post-intervention focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers, nurses, and community health workers
Timing | Participant Group | Theme: SWAP and OBA Interventions | Theme: Quality of Care | Theme: Barriers to Antenatal Care and Facility-based Delivery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Mother | Sub-theme: Proposed topics for text messages -ANC appointment reminder -Family planning -Malaria -Water treatment -Nutrition -Immunization -HIV/AIDS | Sub-theme: Perceived quality of care at health facilities -Positive -Negative -Mixed Sub-theme: Perceptions on home delivery -Positive -Negative | Sub-theme: Perceived barriers to ANC visits and facility-based delivery -Money -Work -Transport -Safety and Security -Fear of mistreatment -Time -Supply shortage at healthcare facilities |
Nurse | N/A | Sub-theme: Challenges with providing quality care -Inadequate training -Limited equipment and supplies -Workforce shortage | Sub-theme: Perceived barriers to ANC visits and facility-based delivery-Poor roads -Stigma -Distance to healthcare facilities -Geographic terrains -Adverse weather | |
Post | Mother | Sub-theme: Perceptions of group appointments -Limited exposure -Beneficial to break cultural myths Sub-theme: Perceptions of text messages -Challenges with receiving messages -Language barriers Sub-theme: Perceptions of intervention effects -Positive -OBA more valued | Sub-theme: Perceived quality of care at healthcare facilities -Rude attitude and conduct of nurses -Sympathy for nurses Sub-theme: Perceptions on home delivery -Positive -Negative | Sub-theme: Perceived barriers to ANC visits and facility-based delivery-Fear -Lack of supplies and electricity -Cultural beliefs |
Nurse | Sub-theme: Experience with SWAP and OBA interventions -Positive -Unintended consequences -Remaining challenges Sub-theme: Sustainability of existing programs -Concerns for the termination of programs | Sub-theme: Challenges with providing quality care -Lack of equipment and supplies -Inadequate recognition -Limited teamwork -Inadequate compensation -Workforce shortage Sub-theme: Factors that make nurses better -Training -Specialization -Good supervision -Adequate staff and supplies -Rewards | Sub-theme: Perspectives on mothers and community health workers -Nurses’ attitude as a hindrance to ANC visits -Need for financial incentives for community health workers | |
| Â | Community Health Worker | Sub-theme: Experience with SWAP and OBA interventions -Increased patients, ANC visits and hospital delivery -Challenges with product distribution availability -Benefits of health talks -Challenges with text messages Sub-theme: Perceptions of training -Satisfied -Not enough | N/A | N/A |