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Table 1 Association of some demographic, obstetrics and during labour variables with labour dystocia

From: Pre- and during- labour predictors of dystocia in active phase of labour: a case-control study

 

Case (n = 350)

Control (n = 350)

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

P

Age (year)

 13–15

3 (0.9%)

3 (0.9%)

0.92 (0.18 to 4.62)

0.923

 16–20

68 (19.4%)

92 (26.3%)

0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)

0.040

 21–34

235 (67.1%)

217 (62.0%)

reference

 

  + 35

44 (12.6%)

38 (10.9%)

1.07 (0.67 to 1.71)

0.781

Gestational age (week)

 37+ 0 to 39+ 6

200 (57.1%)

244 (69.7%)

reference

 

 40+ 0 or more

150 (42.9%)

106 (30.3%)

1.73 (1.26 to 2.36)

0.001

Woman’s height < 160 cm

189 (54%)

105 (30.0%)

2.74 (2.01 to 3.74)

< 0.001

Violence during pregnancy

 Physical violence

41 (11.7%)

20 (5.3%)

2.19 (1.26 to 3.83)

0.006

 Emotional violence

126 (35.8%)

67 (19.1%)

2.36 (1.67 to 3.33)

< 0.001

 Sexual violence

59 (16.9%)

16 (4.6%)

4.25 (2.39 to 7.54)

< 0.001

Low household income

216 (61.7%)

164 (46.9%)

1.82 (1.35 to 2.46)

< 0.001

Woman preference for CS (during pregnancy)

66 (18.9%)

34 (9.7%)

2.16 (1.39 to 3.37)

0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 Low weight (<  18.5)

13 (3.7%)

19 (5.4%)

0.86 (0.41 to 0.79)

0.686

 Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

144 (41.3%)

182 (53%)

reference

 

 Over weight (25–29.9)

133 (38.1%)

124 (35.4%)

1.35 (0.97 to 1.87)

0.075

 Obesity (>  30)

59 (16.9%)

25 (7.1%)

2.96 (1.77 to 4.96)

< 0.001

Gestational weight gaina

 Normal

122 (34.9%)

127 (36.3%)

reference

 

 Over normal

169 (48.3%)

99 (28.3%)

1.79 (1.26 to 2.55)

0.001

 Less than normal

59 (16.9%)

124 (35.4%)

0.49 (0.34 to 0.74)

0.001

No participating in labour education classes

323 (92.6%)

303 (86.6%)

1.76 (1.07 to 2.92)

0.027

Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancyb (Passive smoker vs. no smoker)

122 (34.7%)

53 (15.1%)

2.97 (2.06 to 4.29)

< 0.001

Insufficient support by staff c

107 (30.7%)

4 (1.1%)

38.60 (14.04 to 106.14)

< 0.001

Anxiety levelsd

 Mild

14 (4.0%)

223 (63.7%)

reference

 

 Moderate

89 (25.4%)

97 (27.7%)

16.68 (8.91 to 31.23)

< 0.001

 Severe

247 (70.8%)

30 (8.6%)

167.20 (83.53 to 334.68)

< 0.001

Labour induction

244 (69.7%)

56 (16.0%)

12.08 (8.38 to 17.42)

< 0.001

Analgesics administration

344 (98.3%)

244 (69.7%)

0.04 (0.02 to 0.09)

< 0.001

Remifentanil administration (pain killer)

79 (22.6%)

39 (11.1%)

2.32 (1.53 to 3.53)

< 0.001

Woman dehydratione

 No

113 (32.4%)

252 (72.0%)

reference

 

 Yes, ≤ 3 h

181 (51.6%)

95 (27.1%)

4.25 (3.04 to 5.93)

< 0.001

 Yes, > 3 h

56 (16.0%)

3 (0.9%)

41.63 (12.76 to 135.81)

< 0.001

Weight of neonate (g)

 2500 to 3499

223 (63.7%)

253 (72.3%)

reference

 

 Less than 2499

5 (1.4%)

9 (2.6%)

−0.46 (0.21 to 1.91)

0.414

  > 3500

122 (34.9%)

88 (25.1%)

1.57 (1.13 to 2.18)

0.007

Head circumference of neonate > 35 cm

126 (36.0%)

69 (19.7%)

2.29 (1.63 to 3.2)

< 0.001

Height of neonate > 52 cm

76 (21.7%)

49 (14.0%)

1.70 (1.15 to 2.53)

0.008

  1. All analysis were done using binary logistic regression adjusted for parity (primi- or mulity-parity) and hospital (matching factors)
  2. a Normal weight gain (kg) during pregnancy based on pre-pregnancy BMI: less than 18.5 kg/m2: 12.5–18, between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2: 11.5–16, between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2: 7–11.5, greater than 30 kg/m2: 5–9 [17]; bThere was only one active smoker and daily expose to more than 2 cigarettes was considered as positive exposure; cAssessed by nurse and physician subscale of Mackey satisfaction tool (range score: 17–85): score 17–51 (low satisfaction), score 52–85 (good satisfaction) [21]; dSpielberger anxiety score (range score: 20–85): 20–40 (mild), 41–54 (moderate), > 55 (severe) [18]; eexistence of at least one of dehydration signs or symptoms (dry mouth and lips, thirst, dizziness, weakness, trouble swallowing dry food, dry, sticky mouth that makes it hard to talk, a swollen, cracked or dry tongue) [19]
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