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Table 2 Pre-labour and during labour factors predictors of dissatisfaction of childbirth (n = 674)

From: Pre- and during-labour predictors of low birth satisfaction among Iranian women: a prospective analytical study

Predictors

Beta

B (95% CI)

P

Beta

B (95% CI)

P

1. Pre-labour predictors*

      

Constant

–

29.7 (27.9 to 31.5)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Primiparous

− 0.215

− 2.8 (− 3.8 to − 1.8)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Sexual violence during pregnancy

− 0.179

− 3.7 (− 5.4 to − 2.0)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Gestational age of 400–416 w (Ref: 370–396)

− 0.138

− 1.9 (− 2.8 to − 0.9)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Woman preference for Cesarean section

− 0.112

− 2.1 (− 3.6 to − 0.5)

0.003

–

–

–

Emotional violence during pregnancy

− 0.105

− 1.5 (− 2.7 to − 0.3)

0.012

–

–

–

No attendance at birth preparation classes

− 0.096

− 2.0 (− 3.6 to − 0.5)

0.009

–

–

–

Perceived insufficient household income

− 0.084

− 1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.1)

0.025

–

–

–

2. During-labour predictors†

Excluded woman fear

Excluded woman anxiety state

Constant

–

31.4 (30.7 to 32.2)

< 0.001

–

31.6 (30.7 to 32.4)

< 0.001

Sever anxiety state (Ref: mild)

−0.455

− 6.0 (− 6.9 to − 5. 2)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Labour dystocia

− 0.301

− 3.9 (− 4.7 to − 3.1)

< 0.001

− 0.382

− 4.9 (− 5.7 to − 4.1)

< 0.001

High fear

–

–

–

− 0.239

− 3.1 (− 3.8 to − 2.5)

< 0.001

Moderate anxiety state (Ref: mild)

−0.236

−3.5 (− 4.2 to − 2.8)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Insufficient support by staff

−0.139

−2.7 (− 3.4 to − 1.9)

< 0.001

−0.177

−3.1 (− 3.91 to − 2.3)

< 0.001

Mode of Birth (Ref: vaginal with no episiotomy/no tear)

 Vaginal birth with episiotomy and tear

− 0.139

−3.8 (− 4.9 to − 2.5)

< 0.001

−0.158

−4.3 (− 5.6 to − 3.0)

< 0.001

 Emergency cesarean section

− 0.113

− 2.9 (− 4.2 to − 1.7)

< 0.001

− 0.134

− 3.5 (− 4.8 to − 2.2)

0.001

 Vaginal birth with episiotomy or tear

− 0.055

− 0.8 (− 1.6 to − 0.1)

0.034

− 0.064

− 1.0 (− 1.8 to − 0.1)

0.021

 Labour induction with oxytocin

−0.098

− 1.3)- 1.9 to − 0.7)

< 0.001

−0.103

−1.3)- 2.0 to − 0.7)

< 0.001

 Labour augmentation with oxytocin

–

–

–

− 0.076

−1.1 (− 1.8 to − 0.3)

0.004

Woman dehydration (Ref: no dehydration)

 Dehydration + 3 h

− 0.058

−1.3 (− 2.3 to − 0.3)

0.008

−0.073

−1.7 (− 2.7 to − 0.7)

0.002

 Dehydration < 3 h

−0.045

− 0.6 (− 1.2 to − 0.03)

0.039

−0.045

− 0.6 (− 1.2 to 0.01)

0.053

3. Overall predictors‡

Excluded woman fear

Excluded woman anxiety state

Constant

–

31.4 (30.8 to 31.8)

< 0.001

–

31.3 (30.8 to 31.9)

< 0.001

Severe anxiety state (Ref: mild)

−0.426

−5.6 (− 6.5 to − 4.8)

< 0.001

–

–

–

Labour dystocia

−0.324

−4.2 (− 5.0 to − 3.4)

< 0.001

−0.414

−5.4 (− 6.15 to − 4.6)

< 0.001

Moderate anxiety state (Ref: mild)

−0.222

−3.3 (− 4.0 to − 2.6)

< 0.001

–

–

–

High fear

–

–

–

− 0.239

− 2.8 (− 3.4- to − 2.1)

< 0.001

Insufficient support by staff

−0.157

− 2.7 (− 3.5 to − 2.0)

< 0.001

−0.183

− 3.2 (− 3.10 to − 2.4)

< 0.001

Mode of Birth (Ref: vaginal with no episiotomy/no tear)

 Vaginal birth with episiotomy and tear

− 0.109

− 2.9 (− 3.9 to − 1.9)

< 0.001

− 0.123

− 3.3 (− 4.4 to − 2.3)

< 0.001

 Emergency caesarean section

−0.076

−2.0 (− 3.0 to − 1.0)

< 0.001

−0.088

−2.3 (− 3.3 to − 1.2)

< 0.001

Primiparous

− 0.093

−1.2 (− 1.7 to − 0.7)

< 0.001

− 0.105

−1.4 (− 1.9 to − 0.8)

< 0.001

Labour induction

− 0.088

−1.1)- 1.7 to − 0.5)

< 0.001

− 0.098

−1.3)- 2.0 to − 0.6)

< 0.001

Labour augmentation

–

–

–

− 0.079

−1.1 (− 1.8 to − 0.4)

0.002

Sexual violence during pregnancy

−0.060

−1.2 (− 2.1 to − 0.4)

0.003

−0.062

−1.3 (− 2.2 to − 0.4)

0.004

Woman dehydration + 3 h (Ref: no dehydration)

−0.047

−1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.1)

0.029

−0.049

−1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.2)

0.022

Woman dehydration < 3 h (Ref: no dehydration)

−0.036

− 0.5 (− 1.1 to 0.07)

0.099

–

–

–

  1. Birth satisfaction was assessed by Iranian (Persian) version of the birth satisfaction scale-revised (IP-BSS-R) with range score of 0–40 (the higher score, the higher satisfaction)
  2. All analysis were done using multiple linear regression model with backward strategy. Sidak was used to adjust for the multiple comparisons
  3. * Adjusted for all other pre-labour variables with a relation of p < 0.2 in the univariate analysis (variables of attendance at pregnancy classes, parity, history of abortion, interval between previous childbirth, household income, planned pregnancy and physical violence were removed from the model). adjusted R2 = 0.137
  4. † Adjusted for all during labour variables with a relation of p < 0.2 in the univariate analysis (variables of woman dehydration, labour augmentation, amniotomy, amnion sac status, fetal cardiogram condition, administeration of remifentanil and time of breastfeeding were removed from the model. Adjusted R2 = 0.749 when excluded fear and adjusted R2 = 0.717 when excluded woman anxiety variable
  5. ‡ Adjusted for all variables entered in the above models. Adjusted R2 = 0.756 when excluded fear and adjusted R2 = 0.725 when excluded woman anxiety variable