Table 2 Difference of PBQ between mothers with IES-R ≥ 25 and other mothers at T1 and T2 (N = 130)

T1

 IES-R (≥ 25), n = 08

24.25 ± 13.594

13.25 ± 7.421

1.88 ± 3.091

5.75 ± 2.493

0.13 ± 0.354

 IES-R (< 5), n = 122

9.96 ± 7.758

5.03 ± 4.072

1.75 ± 2.847

2.90 ± 2.323

0.01 ± 0.091

 Cohen’s d^a

1.76

1.92

0.05

1.23

1.00

Huge effect

Huge effect

Negligible effect

Very large effect

Large effect

T2

 IES-R (≥ 25), n = 05

21.60 ± 3.782

10.40 ± 1.517

3.00 ± 2.739

5.00 ± 1.225

0.40 ± 0.548

 IES-R (< 25), n = 125

9.23 ± 8.321

4.97 ± 4.589

1.42 ± 2.622

2.31 ± 2.088

0.08 ± 0.393

 Cohen’s d^a

1.52

1.21

0.61

1.31

0.81

Huge effect

Very large effect

Medium effect

Very large effect

Large effect