Table 3 The socioeconomic risk factors associated with insufficient and excess iodine intake among the pregnant participants (n = 1222) by multinomial regression analysis
From: Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia
Risk factors | Insufficiency (<  150 μg/L) | Above requirements (≥ 250 μg/L) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95%CI) | P Value | Odds ratio (95%CI) | P Value | |
Age (years) | 1.007 (0.968–1.048) | NS | 0.979 (0.924–1.036) | NS |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 0.951 (0.913–0.991) | P = 0.01 | 1.090 (1.013–1.173) | P = 0.02 |
Pregnancy groups | ||||
 1st Trimester | 1.384 (0.858–2.231) | NS | 0.957 (0.481–1.902) | NS |
 2nd Trimester | 1.092 (0.682–1.747) | NS | 0.407 (0.175–0.947) | P = 0.03 |
 3rd Trimester | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Parity | ||||
 Primiparous | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Multiparous | 0.862 (0.507–1.464) | NS | 1.637 (0.606–4.421) | NS |
Family Size | ||||
  ≤ 4 members | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  > 4 members | 0.691 (0.427–1.118) | NS | 0.823 (0.406–1.668) | NS |
Education Level | ||||
 Illiterate | 0.953 (0.372–2.440) | NS | 1.607 (0.596–4.335) | NS |
 Primary Education | 1.487 (0.709–3.117) | NS | 1.096 (0.322–3.735) | NS |
 Secondary Education | 0.778 (0.490–1.234) | NS | 1.305 (0.605–2.813) | NS |
 University | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Employment | ||||
 Yes | 1.182 (0.716–1.950) | NS | 1.082 (0.440–2.659) | NS |
 No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Active smoking | ||||
 Yes | 1.996 (0.648–6.144) | NS | 0.445 (0.056–3.525) | NS |
 No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Passive smoking | ||||
 Yes | 1.653 (1.043–2.618) | P = 0.03 | 1.039 (0.528–2.043) | NS |
 No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
Salt Intake | ||||
 Iodized | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Non-iodized | 3.813 (1.992–7.297) | P < 0.001 | 0.157 (0.036–0.685) | P = 0.01 |
 Don’t know | 3.444 (1.287–9.214) | P = 0.01 | 1.505 (0.551–4.117) | NS |
Iodine supplement | ||||
 Yes | 0.002 (0.001–0.005) | P < 0.0001 | 0.936 (0.478–1.835) | NS |
 No | Ref. |  |  |  |