Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the pre-protocol and post-protocol groups

Age, (years), mean ± SD

33.0 ± 5.3

32.2 ± 5.5

0.26

BMI^a (kg/m²) – pre-gestational, mean ± SD

24.5 ± 5.0

25.5 ± 5.7

0.21

BMI^a (kg/m²) – at delivery, mean ± SD

29.6 ± 4.8

30.6 ± 5.3

0.17

Gestational weight gain, (kg), mean ± SD

13.3 ± 6.1

13.1 ± 5.4

0.81

Assisted reproduction, n (%)

22 (21.7%)

14 (14.0%)

0.15

Gravidity, median (range)

3 (1–8)

3 (1–8)

0.82

Parity, median (range)

1 (0–5)

1 (1–7)

0.66

Prior CDs^b, median (range)

1 (0–4)

1 (0–5)

0.43

Multiple gestation, n (%)

9 (8.9%)

11 (11.0%)

0.62

Hypertension^c / Preeclampsia, n (%)

2 (1.9%)

3 (3.0%)

0.68

Diabetes mellitus^d, n (%)

11 (10.8%)

10 (10.0%)

0.83

Smoking, n (%)

28 (27.7%)

17 (17.0%)

0.06