Table 2 Characteristics and outcomes for women and babies who used water immersion for labour and birth by place of birth
Characteristics and outcomes by place of birth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Tertiary maternity unit | Midwife-led unit 1 | Midwife-led unit 2 | Total |
Caregiver in labour | ||||
 Self -employed Midwife | 1077 | 164 | 165 | 1406 |
 Core Midwife | 76 | 0 | 0 | 76 |
 Dr. LMC/Core Midwife | 35 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Parity | ||||
 Nulliparous | 704 | 67 | 59 | 830 |
 Multiparous | 484 | 97 | 106 | 687 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Gestation at start of labour | ||||
 < 36 weeks | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
 36–376 weeks | 48 | 10 | 14 | 72 |
 38–396 weeks | 502 | 75 | 72 | 649 |
 40–416 weeks | 624 | 79 | 79 | 782 |
 > 42 weeks | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Onset of Labour | ||||
 Spontaneous | 1095 | 163 | 165 | 1423 |
 Induced | 92 | 1 | 0 | 93 |
 Total | 1187 | 164 | 165 | 1516 |
Membrane Rupture | ||||
 Spontaneous | 844 | 130 | 154 | 1128 |
 Artificial | 337 | 32 | 11 | 380 |
 Intact | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
 Total | 1185 | 163 | 165 | 1513 |
Pain Relief before entry to water | ||||
 Yes | 493 | 54 | 37 | 584 |
 No | 695 | 110 | 128 | 933 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Pain Relief after leaving the pool | ||||
 Yes | 503 | 26 | 26 | 555 |
 No | 685 | 138 | 139 | 962 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Length of 1st stage of labour (mins) | ||||
 Mean (SD) | 352 (249) | 266 (202) | 234 (138) |  |
Length of 2nd stage of labour (mins) | ||||
 Mean (SD) | 62 (66) | 22.4 (24) | 27 (30) |  |
Length of 3rd stage of labour (mins) | ||||
 Mean (SD) | 15 (16) | 22 (24) | 19 (14) |  |
Mode of Birth | ||||
 SVD OA | 927 | 164 | 159 | 1250 |
 SVD OP | 19 | 0 | 6 | 25 |
 Assisted delivery | 143 | 0 | 0 | 143 |
 CS | 99 | 0 | 0 | 99 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Birth underwater | ||||
 Yes | 370 | 106 | 108 | 584 |
 No | 818 | 58 | 57 | 933 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Position of mother at time of birth | ||||
 Sitting | 15 | 3 | 7 | 25 |
 Kneeling | 81 | 17 | 35 | 133 |
 Standing | 28 | 5 | 6 | 39 |
 Hands and Knees | 162 | 49 | 28 | 239 |
 Lateral | 21 | 0 | 13 | 34 |
 Semi-reclined | 517 | 73 | 42 | 632 |
 Lithotomy | 178 | 4 | 0 | 182 |
 Squatting | 44 | 10 | 29 | 83 |
 Lying flat | 117 | 1 | 4 | 122 |
 Floating | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
 Others | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
 Total | 1166 | 162 | 165 | 1493 |
Third stage management | ||||
 Active | 775 | 60 | 82 | 917 |
 Physiological | 409 | 103 | 82 | 594 |
 Both | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
 Total | 1188 | 164 | 165 | 1517 |
Estimated blood loss | ||||
 0–499 | 1011 | 157 | 154 | 1322 |
 500–999 | 131 | 3 | 7 | 141 |
 1000–1499 | 24 | 1 | 1 | 26 |
 > 1500 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
 Total | 1177 | 162 | 163 | 1502 |
Perineal and/or vaginal wall tear | ||||
 No | 492 | 74 | 82 | 648 |
 Yes 1st degree | 281 | 55 | 54 | 390 |
 Yes 2nd degree | 358 | 32 | 25 | 415 |
 Yes 3rd degree | 31 | 1 | 1 | 33 |
 Yes 4th degree | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
 Yes Graze | 16 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
 Total | 1180 | 164 | 164 | 1508 |
Episiotomy | ||||
 Yes | 206 | 5 | 2 | 213 |
 No | 978 | 157 | 159 | 1294 |
 Total | 1184 | 162 | 161 | 1507 |
Suturing of Tear/Episiotomy | ||||
 Yes | 613 | 56 | 51 | 720 |
 No | 565 | 107 | 112 | 784 |
 Total | 1178 | 163 | 163 | 1504 |
Apgar score at 1 min | ||||
 < 7 | 79 | 8 | 3 | 90 |
 ≥ 7 | 1104 | 155 | 162 | 1421 |
 Total | 1183 | 163 | 165 | 1511 |
Apgar score at 5 mins | ||||
 > 7 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
 ≥ 7 | 1172 | 162 | 165 | 1499 |
 Total | 1182 | 163 | 165 | 1510 |
Apgar score at 10 mins | ||||
 < 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 ≥  7 | 859 | 116 | 67 | 1042 |
 Total | 859 | 116 | 67 | 1042 |
Admission to NICU | ||||
 Yes | 36 | 0 | 1 | 37 |
 No | 1148 | 163 | 163 | 1474 |
 Total | 1184 | 163 | 164 | 1511 |