Maternal health services utilization and maternal mortality in China: a longitudinal study from 2009 to 2016

Table 3 Results of relationship between utilization rate and MMR based on the panel data models

Variable	Fixed Effects Model			Random Effects Model			Pooled Effects Model
Variable	β	S.E	p-value	β	S.E	p-value	β	S.E	p-value
Intercept				65.74	9.24	< 0.001	61.40	9.52	< 0.001
Utilization rate	−0.35	0.09	< 0.001	− 0.49	0.09	< 0.001	− 0.75	0.10	< 0.001
Service fee per capita	−0.30	0.08	< 0.001	−0.13	0.08	0.10	0.19	0.09	0.05
Doctors per thousand population	−21.38	6.38	< 0.001	−9.49	5.79	0.10	13.92	5.11	< 0.01
Urban-rural doctor ratio	−11.69	6.45	0.052	−9.83	2.51	< 0.001	0.37	2.49	0.88
Nurses per thousand population	20.47	12.31	0.06	8.02	5.17	0.12	−16.39	5.06	< 0.01
Urban-rural nurse ratio	9.78	1.77	< 0.001	12.23	1.77	< 0.001	12.22	1.86	< 0.001
Inpatient beds per thousand population	−2.77	1.17	0.02	−1.07	1.17	0.36	2.40	1.29	0.06
Urban-rural inpatient beds ratio	−1.30	1.19	0.28	−2.33	1.29	0.07	−11.01	1.81	< 0.001
F statistics		40.92			24.24			36.12
Overall significance of model		< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001

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