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Table 4 Demographic and clinical outcomes of study group of women undergoing labor induction by race

From: Risk factors and racial disparities related to low maternal birth satisfaction with labor induction: a prospective, cohort study

 

Black (n = 213)

Non-Black (n = 117)

p-value

Age a

26 [23–31]

32 [30–36]

< 0.0001

Insurance Type

< 0.0001

 Private/Individual

49 (23.0)

103 (88.0)

 

 Medicaid/Uninsured

164 (77.0)

14 (12.0)

 

BMI

0.001

  < 25

13 (6.1)

11 (9.4)

 

 25–29.9

42 (19.7)

42 (35.9)

 

 30–34.9

65 (30.5)

38 (32.5)

 

 35–39.9

40 (18.8)

13 (11.1)

 

  > or equal to 40

53 (24.9)

13 (11.1)

 

Number of Prenatal Visits a

10 (7–12)

12 (10–13)

< 0.0001

Parity

< 0.0001

 Nulliparous

114 (53.5)

89 (76.1)

 

 Multiparous

99 (46.5)

28 (23.9)

 

Indication for labor induction

0.012

 Maternal b

83 (39.0)

48 (41.0)

 

 Fetal c

85 (39.9)

29 (24.8)

 

 Elective/Other d

28 (13.2)

21 (18.0)

 

 Late term

17 (8.0)

19 (16.2)

 

Gestational Age at Delivery (weeks) a

39 [38–40]

39 [38–40]

0.06

Scheduled IOL

90 (42.3)

70 (59.8)

0.002

Modified Bishop Score at labor induction a

2 [2–3]

3 [1–4]

0.04

Cervical dilation at labor induction a

1–2 [0–2]

1–2 [0–2]

0.86

Labor induction Method

0.25

 Misoprostol alone

8 (3.8)

3 (2.6)

 

 Foley alone

10 (4.7)

5 (4.3)

 

 Foley + Misoprostol

164 (77.0)

101 (86.3)

 

 Foley + Pitocin

29 (13.6)

8 (6.8)

 

 Other

2 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

 

Mode of Delivery

0.013

 Vaginal Delivery

146 (68.5)

95 (81.2)

 

 Cesarean Delivery

67 (31.5)

22 (18.8)

 

Length of labor (hrs) a

15.9 [10.6–22.3]

16.4 [12.4–21.7]

0.29

Labor Length Quartile

0.009

 1(< 11.4 h)

63 (29.6)

19 (16.2)

 

 2 (11.4–16.1 h)

47 (22.1)

36 (30.8)

 

 3 (16.2–22.0 h)

46 (21.6)

37 (31.6)

 

 4(≥22.1 h)

57 (26.8)

25 (21.4)

 

Indication for Cesarean

< 0.0001

 Elective/Other

5 (7.5)

2 (9.1)

 

 Failed labor induction/Arrest of active phase

33 (49.3)

4 (18.2)

 

 Arrest of descent/Failed operative delivery

3 (4.5)

10 (45.5)

 

 Fetal heart rate indications

26 (38.8)

6 (27.3)

 

Regional Anesthesia

200 (93.9)

112 (95.7)

0.48

  1. aMedian [Interquartile Range]
  2. bExamples include: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes, renal disease, history of venous thromboembolism, cardiac disease or other chronic medical condition where labor induction was recommended
  3. cExamples include: Oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, abnormality on fetal testing
  4. dExamples of “other” include: history of an intrauterine fetal demise, vaginal bleeding at term, cholestasis
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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