Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based postpartum care on neonatal mortality and exclusive breastfeeding practice in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Subgroup analysis for neonatal mortality outcome

Predictor variables	# of trials	Random-effects model		Fixed-effects model		Test for heterogeneity		p-value for subgroup heterogeneity
Predictor variables	# of trials	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	I² (%)	p-value	p-value for subgroup heterogeneity
Overall	9	0.76	0.62–0.92	0.91	0.85–0.97	69.0	< 0.01	NA
Number of PNC visits
> 3	4	0.70	0.53–0.91	0.70	0.53–0.91	0.0	0.485	0.043
< = 3	5	0.77	0.61–0.98	0.92	0.86–0.98	79.2	< 0.01	0.043
Home visit coverage
More than 70%	7	0.70	0.50–0.99	0.92	0.85–0.99	76.0	< 0.01	0.511
Less than 70%	2	0.87	0.76–1.00	0.87	0.76–1.00	0.0	0.517	0.511
Type of provider
Healthcare provider	2	1.26	0.37–4.30	0.98	0.90–1.05	29.5	0.234	0.001
CHW	7	0.69	0.55–0.87	0.77	0.68–0.86	52.8	0.048	0.001
Intervention components
Community mobilization & home visits	6	0.69	0.54–0.88	0.77	0.69–0.86	60.5	0.027	0.001
Home visits only	3	0.97	0.90–1.05	0.97	0.90–1.05	0.0	0.377	0.001
Type of care
Preventive	4	0.70	0.48–1.03	0.79	0.70–0.90	0.70	0.010	0.016
Preventive & curative	5	0.82	0.63–1.05	0.95	0.88–1.02	53.5	0.091	0.016
Home visits
Antepartum & postpartum	6	0.67	0.51–0.88	0.77	0.68–0.87	60.7	0.026	0.001
Postpartum only	3	0.93	0.74–1.17	0.97	0.90–1.04	25.0	0.264	0.001
Publication year
< =2008	3	0.58	0.40–0.85	0.56	0.45–0.71	43.9	0.168	< 0.01
> 2008	6	0.94	0.88–1.01	0.94	0.88–1.01	0.0	0.430	< 0.01

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