Maternal nutritional adequacy and gestational weight gain and their associations with birth outcomes among Vietnamese women

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all mothers (n = 226)^a

Baseline characteristics	Mean (±SD) / n (%)
Age (years), mean (SD)	24.0 (2.9)
Economic status, n (%)
Low	72 (31.9)
Medium	83 (36.7)
High	71 (31.4)
Highest education qualification, n (%)
Primary school	3 (1.3)
Secondary school	59 (26.1)
High school	79 (35.0)
College / University	85 (37.6)
Height (cm), mean (SD)	154 (5.0)
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg), mean (SD)	45.5 (5.1)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD)	19.2 (1.8)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), n (%)
< 18.5	74 (32.7)
≥ 18.5	152 (67.3)
Weight at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (kg), mean (SD)	52.7 (5.9)
BMI at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (kg/m²), mean (SD)	22.2 (2.2)
BMI at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (kg/m²), n (%)
< 18.5	9 (4.0)
≥ 18.5	217 (96.0)
Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (kg), mean (SD)^b	7.1 (2.7)
Met IOM recommended gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (kg/m²), n (%)
Yes	85 (38.5)
No	136 (61.5)
MUAC at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (cm), mean (SD)	24.2 (2.2)
MUAC at 26 to 29 weeks gestation (cm), n (%)
< 23.0	66 (29.2)
≥ 23.0	160 (70.8)
Nutrient inadequacies, n (%)^c
≤ 5 nutrients	12 (5.3)
6–10 nutrients	114 (50.4)
11–15 nutrients	100 (44.3)

BMI body mass index, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference
^aData are presented as means (standard deviations) or numbers (percentages)
^bGestational weight gain at 26–29 weeks is calculated by subtracting pre-pregnancy weight from measured weight at 26–29 weeks
^cSelected nutrients include protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins A, D, E, C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12

ISSN: 1471-2393