Table 3 Serum metal concentrations reported as natural logarithm of the concentration in μg/L. Values were reported as mean ± 1 standard deviation. * indicates significant difference (p < 0.0006) from the CTRL, § indicates significant difference (p < 0.0006) from Other malformation group
Control (n = 90) | CNS (n = 17) | Others (n = 95) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum (Al) | −5.03 ± 1.27 | 0.14 ± 4.72*§ | −3.79 ± 2.75 |
Antimony (Sb) | 1.73 ± 0.88 | 2.03 ± 0.53 | 1.56 ± 1.46 |
Barium (Ba) | −4.95 ± 1.37 | −4.19 ± 2.37 | −4.73 ± 1.52 |
Beryllium (Be) | −1.34 ± 1.49 | −2.72 ± 2.01 | −2.14 ± 2.07 |
Cadmium (Cd) | −0.96 ± 0.89 | −1.21 ± 1.38 | −1.20 ± 1.51 |
Cerium (Ce) | −3.31 ± 0.87 | − 3.43 ± 0.40 | − 3.24 ± 0.66 |
Chromium (Cr) | 0.40 ± 1.38 | 0.82 ± 0.56 | 0.82 ± 0.68 |
Cobalt (Co) | −0.54 ± 2.67 | −1.47 ± 2.82 | −0.43 ± 2.35 |
Copper (Cu) | 7.51 ± 0.33 | 7.67 ± 0.37 | 7.60 ± 0.47 |
Dysprosium (Dy) | −3.33 ± 0.78 | −3.93 ± 0.57 | − 3.52 ± 0.93 |
Erbium (Er) | −3.37 ± 0.86 | −4.06 ± 0.86 | − 3.72 ± 1.11 |
Europium (Eu) | −3.51 ± 1.04 | −4.61 ± 0.87 | − 3.83 ± 1.10 |
Gadolinium (Gd) | −3.31 ± 0.81 | −4.08 ± 0.93 | − 3.46 ± 1.09 |
Gallium (Ga) | −3.36 ± 1.07 | −2.79 ± 0.75 | −2.90 ± 1.32 |
Hafnium (Hf) | −3.19 ± 1.00 | −3.16 ± 0.50 | − 3.03 ± 0.85 |
Indium (In) | −4.68 ± 0.51 | −4.74 ± 0.44 | − 4.57 ± 0.78 |
Iridium (Ir) | −3.33 ± 0.86 | −3.93 ± 0.68 | − 3.37 ± 0.99 |
Lead (Pb) | 1.11 ± 1.25 | 1.71 ± 0.46 | 1.12 ± 1.88 |
Lithium (Li) | 1.49 ± 0.37 | 1.55 ± 0.29 | 1.76 ± 0.35* |
Manganese (Mn) | 2.30 ± 0.80 | 2.31 ± 0.75 | 2.50 ± 0.72 |
Mercury (Hg) | 1.85 ± 1.02 | 2.12 ± 1.22 | 1.40 ± 1.91 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | −3.09 ± 1.10 | −2.48 ± 0.57 | −4.12 ± 1.10 |
Neodymium (Nd) | −3.30 ± 0.98 | −3.17 ± 0.67 | − 3.32 ± 0.88 |
Niobium (Nb) | −3.70 ± 1.13 | −4.46 ± 0.92 | −4.12 ± 1.10 |
Osmium (Os) | −3.33 ± 0.88 | −3.68 ± 1.05 | − 3.31 ± 0.98 |
Platinum (Pt) | −3.34 ± 0.83 | − 3.21 ± 0.44 | −3.04 ± 0.73 |
Praseodynium (Pr) | −3.51 ± 0.94 | −4.27 ± 1.06 | −3.62 ± 1.03 |
Rhenium (Re) | −3.78 ± 1.09 | −3.68 ± 0.98 | − 3.81 ± 1.08 |
Rubidium (Rb) | 7.12 ± 0.16 | 7.05 ± 0.26 | 7.13 ± 0.17 |
Ruthenium (Ru) | −3.32 ± 0.89 | −3.97 ± 1.09 | − 3.73 ± 1.26 |
Samarium (Sm) | −3.42 ± 0.94 | − 3.55 ± 0.90 | −3.47 ± 1.09 |
Selenium (Se) | 5.72 ± 0.41 | 5.85 ± 0.35 | 5.59 ± 0.60 |
Silver (Ag) | 1.70 ± 0.54 | 1.63 ± 0.51* | 1.17 ± 0.52 |
Strontium (Sr) | 2.15 ± 0.76 | 2.62 ± 0.46 | 2.24 ± 1.03 |
Tantalum (Ta) | −3.42 ± 0.94 | −3.56 ± 0.83 | −3.58 ± 0.64 |
Tellurium (Te) | −2.61 ± 1.13 | −2.76 ± 1.80 | −2.40 ± 1.53 |
Thallium (Tl) | −4.46 ± 1.03 | −3.55 ± 1.16 | −3.87 ± 1.21 |
Thulium (Tm) | −3.73 ± 1.04 | −3.78 ± 1.27 | − 3.34 ± 0.58 |
Titanium (Ti) | 3.30 ± 0.56 | 3.56 ± 0.27 | 3.36 ± 0.64 |
Tungsten (W) | −3.04 ± 1.08 | −3.04 ± 0.67 | −2.81 ± 1.02 |
Vanadium (V) | −1.87 ± 2.02 | −2.67 ± 2.58 | −3.59 ± 1.77 |
Ytterbium (Yb) | −3.50 ± 0.89 | −3.85 ± 1.13 | − 3.40 ± 0.78 |
Zinc (Zn) | 8.31 ± 0.52 | 8.62 ± 0.53 | 8.25 ± 1.02 |
Zirconium (Zr) | −0.66 ± 0.86 | −0.89 ± 1.69 | −1.00 ± 0.65 |