Table 1 Characteristics of Women – North and South of Nigeria (2008 & 2013 pooled)
From: Levels and determinants of maternal mortality in northern and southern Nigeria
Variable | North (n = 32,629) | South (n = 18,863) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Survival status | |||
 Alive | 31,452 (96.4) | 18,479 (97.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Dead | 1177 (3.6) | 384 (2.0) |  |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Â |
Community level | |||
 Community wealth (range: 0–1) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.61 (0.18) | < 0.0001 |
Individual level | |||
 Age (range: 15–49) | 31.1 (8.77) | 33.62 (8.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Social autonomy (range: 0–4) | 1.19 (1.52) | 2.49 (1.38) | < 0.0001 |
 Domestic violence (range: 0–4) | 1.38 (1.65) | 0.89 (1.35) | < 0.0001 |
Categorical variables | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Distance to facility | |||
 Small problem | 20,232 (62.3) | 13,044 (69.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Big problem | 12,264 (37.7) | 5754 (30.6) |  |
Media exposure | |||
 No exposure | 14,106 (43.3) | 2754 (14.6) |  |
 Low exposure | 13,054 (40.1) | 7353 (39.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Medium exposure | 4876 (14.9) | 7619 (40.4) |  |
 High exposure | 559 (1.7) | 1117 (5.9) |  |
Contraception type | |||
 No method | 30,232 (92.7) | 13,540 (71.8) |  |
 Folk/traditional | 400 (1.2) | 2044 (10.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Modern | 1997 (6.1) | 2430 (18.6) |  |
Education | |||
 No education | 21,550 (66.1) | 2189 (11.6) |  |
 Primary | 5530 (16.9) | 5866 (31.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Secondary/higher | 5549 (17.1) | 10,808 (57.3) |  |
Religion | |||
 Catholics | 1660 (5.1) | 2946 (15.7) |  |
 Other Christians | 5844 (18.0) | 12,897 (68.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Islam | 24,461 (75.4) | 2606 (13.9) |  |
 Traditionalist/Other | 458 (1.4) | 356 (1.9) |  |
Ethnicity North | |||
 Fulani | 3928 (12.1) | – |  |
 Hausa | 13,388 (41.2) | – |  |
 Kanuri/Beriberi | 1084 (3.3) | – |  |
 Tiv | 1091 (3.4) | – |  |
 Yoruba | 1160 (3.6) | – |  |
 Others | 11,848 (36.5) | – | < 0.0001 |
Ethnicity South | |||
 Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1364 (7.3) |  |
 Igbo | – | 5522 (29.4) |  |
 Ijaw/Izon | – | 1863 (9.9) |  |
 Yoruba | – | 5695 (30.3) |  |
 Others | – | 4371 (23.2) |  |
Type of residence | |||
 Urban | 7450 (22.8) | 9055 (48.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Rural | 25,179 (77.2) | 9808 (52.0) |  |
Wealth index | |||
 Poor | 19,771 (60.6) | 3096 (16.4) |  |
 Middle | 6164 (18.9) | 4173 (22.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Rich | 6694 (20.5) | 11,594 (61.5) |  |
Water quality | |||
 Improved | 15,580 (48.1) | 11,501 (62.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Unimproved | 16,845 (51.9) | 7032 (37.94) |  |
Year | |||
 2008 | 15,499 (47.5) | 8389 (44.5) |  |
 2013 | 17,130 (52.5) | 10,474 (55.5) |  |