Table 4 Factors associated with low vitamin D status
Variables | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 1.020 | 0.862–1.208 | 0.814 | |
Age group | < 20 | 1.00 | ||
21–25 | 0.777 | 0.060–10,143 | 0.848 | |
26–30 | 0.172 | 0.009–3.279 | 0.242 | |
> 30 | 0.189 | 0.040–111.259 | 0.360 | |
Education levels | Primary | 1.00 | ||
Secondary | 0.568 | 0.182–1.775 | 0.330 | |
Tertiary | 0.429 | 0.100–1.829 | 0.253 | |
Working status | Working | 1.00 | 0.030 | |
Not Working | 0.029 | 0.001–0.708 | ||
Household income/month (IDR) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.681 | |
Urban status | Urban | 1.00 | 0.882 | |
Rural | 1.109 | 0.285–4.312 | ||
Geographical status | Coastal | 1.00 | ||
Mountainous | 0.424 | 0.121–1.486 | 0.180 | |
Gestational age (week) | 0.945 | 0.771–1.157 | 0.583 | |
Parity status | Multiparous Nulliparous | 1.00 7.634 | 1.550–37.608 | 0.012 |
Bodyweight of 1st trimester (kg) | 0.975 | 0.826–1.151 | 0.764 | |
Upper arm circumference (cm) | 1.118 | 0.882–1.416 | 0.358 | |
Pre-pregnancy bodyweight (kg) | 1.007 | 0.840–1.207 | 0.939 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 0.920 | 0.644–1.315 | 0.647 | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI status | Underweight | 1.00 | ||
Normal | 0.664 | 0.118–3.731 | 0.642 | |
Overweight | 0.101 | 0.003–2.977 | 0.184 | |
Pre-obese | 0.990 | 0.038–26.028 | 0.995 | |
Obese | 2.423 | 0.025–232.393 | 0.704 | |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | Systolic | 1.00 | 0.947–1.056 | 0.994 |
Diastolic | 0.971 | 0.882–1.070 | 0.552 | |
Sunscreen application | No | 1.00 | 0.810 | |
Yes | 1.147 | 0.375–3/507 | ||
Type occupation | Indoor | 1.00 | 0.081 | |
outdoor | 17.713 | 0.704–445.491 | ||
Dressing style | < 27% uncovered | 1.00 | 0.267–5.552 | 0.799 |
≥27% uncovered | 1.218 | |||
Physical activity level | Low-moderate | 1.00 | 0.731 | |
High | 0.815 | 0.255–2.610 | ||
Outdoor activity | 0986 | 0.972–1.001 | 0.070 | |
The length of outdoor activity | ≥60 min/week | 1.00 | 0.007 | |
< 60 min/week | 9.659 | 1.883–49.550 | ||
Vitamin D intake (mcg/d) | 0.988 | 0.885–1.103 | 0.835 | |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 1.00 | 0.999–1.000 | 0.269 | |
Vitamin D intake status | Inadequate | 1.00 | 0.222–188.964 | 0.277 |
Adequate | 6.483 | |||
Calcium intake status | Inadequate | 1.00 | 0.086–9.904 | 0.946 |
Adequate | 0.921 | |||
Consuming supplement before pregnancy | Yes | 1.00 | 1.081–18.563 | 0.039 |
No | 4.49 | |||
Consuming supplement during 1st trimester | No | 1.00 | 0.172–1.443 | 0.199 |
Yes | 0.499 | |||
Consuming vitamin D and calcium supplement | No | 1.00 | 0.259–4.289 | 0.940 |
Yes | 1.056 | |||