Optimizing ultraviolet B radiation exposure to prevent vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in the tropical zone: report from cohort study on vitamin D status and its impact during pregnancy in Indonesia

Table 2 Characteristics of Pregnant Women

Characteristics	Vitamin D status			Total	Mean (SD)	p-value
	Deficient	Insufficient	Normal
	(n = 164)	(n = 33)	(n = 7)
Use of sunscreen						0.19
No	145	26	7	178
Yes	19	7	0	26
Age					28.4 (5.83)	0.27
< 20 years	11	1	0	12
20–34 years	130	27	4	161
≥ 35 years	23	5	3	31
Education						< 0.001
Elementary school	38	14	7	59
Middle school	45	12	0	57
High school	54	5	0	59
Diploma/bachelor	27	2	0	29
Occupation						0.18
Housewife	113	29	6	148
Civil servant	37	2	1	40
Others	14	2	0	16
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m²)^a					23.7 (4.84)	0.41
Underweight (< 18.5)	14	2	1	17
Normal (18.5–24.99)	83	32	4	119
Overweight (25–29.99)	32	5	2	39
Obese (> 30)	25	4	0	29
Parity						0.17
0	70	10	0	80
1	54	13	4	71
≥ 2	40	10	3	53
Use of veil (hijab)						0.002
No	77	25	6	108
Yes	87	8	1	96

P-value was calculated using Chi-square test.
^aBody mass index clasification by WHO 2018, available from http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.h

ISSN: 1471-2393