Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval of gestational diabetes according to the risk factors

Variable	N	Exposure in GDM	Total GDM	Exposure in Non-GDM	Total Non-GDM	OR	95% CI	I², %	P-value
History of previous GDM	24	343	3246	272	20,646	8.42	5.35–13.23	80.92	< 0.001
History of congenital anomalies	6	32	655	50	3262	4.25	1.52–11.88	64.64	0.015
History of macrosomia	29	397	4275	1001	29,506	4.41	3.09–6.31	81.14	< 0.001
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	33	13,304	42,306	80,126	582,707	3.27	2.81–3.80	93.49	< 0.001
PIH	12	163	1891	612	18,468	3.2	2.19–4.68	68.96	< 0.001
Family History of Diabetes	60	3177	11,068	12,336	94,962	2.77	2.22–3.47	93.76	< 0.001
History of stillbirth	25	261	2786	1158	21,257	2.39	1.68–3.40	75.38	< 0.001
PCOS	7	2424	113,827	26,777	1,566,026	2.33	1.72–3.17	94.07	< 0.001
History of abortion	19	803	2658	2404	16,844	2.25	1.54–3.29	91.37	< 0.001
Age ≥ 25	34	226,788	354,080	2,637,545	4,798,678	2.17	1.96–2.41	96.91	< 0.001
Multiparity ≥2	32	21,069	31,901	290,125	434,198	1.37	1.34–1.52	86.55	< 0.001
History of preterm delivery	9	230	2274	837	12,748	1.93	1.21–3.07	76.09	< 0.001
History of neonatal death	5	26	550	58	1593	1.8	0.86–3.79	43.29	0.133
Illiteracy	7	118	2919	604	10,372	1.29	0.82–2.04	65.63	0.008
Current smoking	8	1257	14,162	18,924	213,495	1.04	0.98–1.11	0	0.93
Current drinking	5	30	2422	916	38,433	0.79	0.54–1.14	0	0.66
Primigravida	18	7363	8753	38,871	47,228	0.55	0.41–0.73	85.99	< 0.001

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