Table 1 Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval of gestational diabetes by subgroup analysis
Variable | N | Total sample size | Total GDM | Prevalence, % | 95% CI | P-value | I2, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | |||||||
 Taiwan | 1 | 132 | 51 | 38.6 | 30.3–46.9 | NA | NA |
 Hong Kong | 1 | 520 | 169 | 32.5 | 28.5–36.5 | NA | NA |
 Saudi Arabia | 7 | 13,865 | 3192 | 22.9 | 12.9–32.9 | 99.51 | < 0.0001 |
 Vietnam | 2 | 5474 | 1224 | 22.3 | 18.4–26.2 | 91.94 | < 0.0001 |
 Malaysia | 2 | 2136 | 359 | 18.5 | 6.2–30.8 | 97.97 | < 0.0001 |
 Singapore | 1 | 909 | 160 | 17.6 | 15.1–20.1 | NA | NA |
 Thailand | 4 | 24,168 | 1872 | 17.1 | 6.3–27.8 | 99.11 | < 0.0001 |
 Iran | 9 | 9872 | 1146 | 14.9 | 10.2–19.6 | 98.58 | < 0.0001 |
 Qatar | 2 | 2205 | 323 | 13.3 | 7.4–19.3 | 93.54 | < 0.0001 |
 China | 8 | 156,942 | 11,394 | 12.6 | 8.6–16.7 | 99.78 | < 0.0001 |
 Sri lanka | 4 | 3577 | 380 | 11.4 | 5.1–17.8 | 97.93 | < 0.0001 |
 South Korea | 3 | 1,316,307 | 98,845 | 10.5 | 5.8–15.3 | 99.87 | < 0.0001 |
 India | 24 | 17,049 | 1679 | 8.8 | 6.7–10.9 | 96.57 | < 0.0001 |
 Bangladesh | 3 | 2785 | 226 | 8.2 | 6 l.0–10.5 | 71.61 | 0.03 |
 Pakistan | 2 | 1642 | 127 | 7.7 | 6.4–9.0 | 0 | 0.752 |
 Turkmenistan | 1 | 1620 | 109 | 6.7 | 5.5–7.9 | NA | NA |
 Israel | 3 | 737,978 | 36,822 | 5.3 | 3.7–7.0 | 99.89 | < 0.0001 |
 Yemen | 1 | 311 | 16 | 5.1 | 2.7–6.6 | NA | NA |
 Japan | 4 | 15,109 | 390 | 2.8 | 1.9–3.7 | 84.4 | < 0.0001 |
 Nepal | 2 | 2162 | 26 | 1.5 | 0.2–3.2 | 84.13 | 0.012 |
 Subtotal | 84 | 2,314,763 | 158,510 | 11.5 | 10.9–12.1 | 99.57 | < 0.0001 |
Diagnostic criteria | |||||||
 IADPSG | 13 | 42,317 | 5148 | 20.9 | 17.3–24.6 | 99.17 | < 0.0001 |
 CHINA MOH | 1 | 14,986 | 2987 | 19.9 | 19.3–20.6 | NA | NA |
 ADA | 13 | 379,583 | 15,501 | 13.9 | 11.5–16.2 | 98.68 | < 0.0001 |
 WHO | 23 | 134,152 | 9750 | 13 | 9.6–16.4 | 99.38 | < 0.0001 |
 DIPSI | 12 | 9879 | 1114 | 8.3 | 5.7–10.9 | 94.76 | < 0.0001 |
 CC | 13 | 384,146 | 23,714 | 7.6 | 6.6–8.7 | 99 | < 0.0001 |
 NDDG | 4 | 31,734 | 1577 | 4.3 | 1.4–7.3 | 99.2 | < 0.0001 |
 CC&WHO | 1 | 2000 | 75 | 3.7 | 2.9–4.6 | NA | NA |
 ICD-10 | 1 | 1,306,281 | 98,403 | 3.7 | 1.2–6.2 | NA | NA |
 JDS | 3 | 9685 | 241 | 3.6 | 1.2–6.0 | 88.33 | < 0.0001 |
 Subtotal | 84 | 2,314,763 | 158,510 | 11.5 | 10.9–12.1 | 99.59 | < 0.0001 |
Setting | |||||||
 Hospital | 71 | 423,878 | 31,598 | 12.1 | 11–13.1 | 99.34 | < 0.0001 |
 Community | 13 | 1,890,885 | 126,912 | 11.1 | 9.8–12.5 | 99.87 | < 0.0001 |
 Subgroup | 84 | 2,314,763 | 158,510 | 11.5 | 10.9–12.1 | 99.59 | < 0.0001 |
Screening Methods | |||||||
 One-step | 53 | 631,808 | 38,515 | 14.7 | 13.5–15.9 | 99.5 | < 0.0001 |
 Not stated | 1 | 1,306,281 | 98,403 | 7.5 | 7.5–7.6 | NA | NA |
 Two-steps | 30 | 376,674 | 21,592 | 7.2 | 6.4–8.0 | 98.82 | < 0.0001 |
 Subtotal | 84 | 2,314,763 | 158,510 | 11.5 | 10.9–12.1 | 99.57 | < 0.0001 |