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Table 7 Mean of food group intakes in the optimized diets by dietary clustersa

From: Translation of nutrient recommendations into personalized optimal diets for Chinese urban lactating women by linear programming models

Food groups

Cluster 1b

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

N = 66 (11.46%)

N = 160 (27.78%)

N = 209 (36.28%)

N = 141 (24.48%)

Wheat bun

44.96 a

28.50b

15.16c

13.02c

Wheat noodle

16.69b

19.31b

38.79 a

21.62b

Bread

8.88a

0.82c

6.04ab

4.61b

Rice

103.21bc

90.75c

131.39b

211.89 a

Wheat flour product (fried)

2.01

1.85

0.94

1.44

Wheat flour product (non-fried)

37.36bc

63.25a

55.82ab

34.23c

Potato

33.08

37.80

35.02

33.90

Tuber

9.39ab

6.16b

4.29b

16.64a

Coarse grain

96.88

92.89

98.45

97.94

Various beans

29.47

39.24

32.69

30.28

Soybean

10.19a

7.16ab

5.80b

10.08a

Nut

22.17b

28.55a

28.58a

27.39a

Millet

55.32 a

29.40b

31.62b

7.40c

Leafy vegetable

177.88c

165.62c

465.03 a

347.83b

Red & yellow vegetable

266.85b

315.03 a

79.05d

134.90c

Other vegetables

154.65a

127.02ab

42.62c

112.82b

Pickle

0.45

1.57

0.77

1.05

Apple & pear

82.82 a

38.85b

31.07b

47.42b

Banana

62.09b

61.66b

82.85 a

39.3c

Citrus fruit

37.64b

17.07bc

8.88c

104.14 a

Other fruits

32.94a

31.39a

7.03b

20.73ab

Processed fruit

10.57ab

12.35a

6.69b

6.08b

Pork

52.97b

54.30b

57.05b

64.67 a

Poultry

15.49b

14.74b

28.54a

22.94ab

Aquatic product

39.25b

48.96a

35.56b

52.58a

Other livestock meat

8.98a

2.44b

6.41a

3.24b

Organ meat

19.95

19.66

19.92

19.56

Processed meat

8.19

5.90

9.69

7.10

Egg

46.87ab

47.40a

47.11a

43.07b

Liquid milk

276.57 a

9.22b

13.16b

18.64b

Yogurt

0.00

5.21

0.50

4.42

Milk powder

9.92c

48.38 a

22.15b

23.87b

Cake & ice-cream

6.11

2.56

3.45

1.14

Non-fried snack

1.65

2.93

5.32

3.78

Fast food

14.99

8.40

13.17

10.58

Fried snack

0.63

0.86

0.57

0.41

Soup

85.05a

45.22b

85.77a

87.95a

Sugar-sweetened beverage

19.35

8.36

8.24

17.10

Plant oil

3.07

2.80

4.62

3.61

Animal oil

0.17

0.19

0.38

0.19

Condiment

2.84

2.83

2.63

2.75

  1. aMean values between cluster without common letter differ, P<0.05 tested with ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc. The cluster with significantly higher intake for corresponding food group are marked bold. bCharacteristic food groups for different clusters: Cluster 1-wheat bun, millet, apple and pear, and liquid milk; cluster 2-red and yellow vegetables and milk powder; cluster 3-wheat noodle, leafy vegetables, poultry, banana; cluster 4-rice, citrus fruits