Table 1 Maternal characteristics in the study groups
CS (n = 296) | VD (n = 302) | univariate | multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | |||
Maternal age (years, mean) | 28.9 | 27.3 | < 0.001 | 1.06 | 1.03–1.10 | < 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.03–1.11 |
Maternal height (cm, mean) | 163.3 | 165.8 | < 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.91–0.96 | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.90–0.95 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy weight (kg, median) | 64.0 | 61.5 | 0.012 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | |||
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (median) | 24.1 | 22.6 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 1.06–1.14 |
Diabetes (GDM or DM) (%) | 17.6 | 7.9 | 0.001 | 2.47 | 1.48–4.13 | |||
GDM, diet treatment | 10.8 | 5.3 | ||||||
GDM, medical treatment | 5.8 | 2.3 | ||||||
Chronic DM | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||
Infertility treatment (%) | 12.2 | 6.8 | 0.033 | 1.89 | 1.05–3.39 | |||
IVF/ICSI | 7.0 | 3.6 | ||||||
Ovarian stimulation | 3.8 | 1.8 | ||||||
Insemination | 1.4 | 1.4 | ||||||
Chronic disease (%), excl. DM, HT | 33.8 | 24.2 | 0.010 | 1.60 | 1.12–2.29 | < 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.02–2.25 |
Hypertension (HT) (%)a | 14.5 | 11.9 | 0.347 | 1.26 | 0.78–2.02 | |||
Gestational HT | 8.8 | 7.0 | ||||||
Pre-eclampsia | 6.8 | 5.6 | ||||||
Chronic HT | 0.7 | 1.0 | ||||||
Fear of childbirth (%) | 5.7 | 5.0 | 0.67 | 1.17 | 0.57–2.38 | |||