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Table 1 Maternal characteristics of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus

From: Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed according to the WHO-2013 and WHO-1999 diagnostic criteria: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

 

Cohort

Characteristics

WHO-2013

WHO-1999

P-value*

N

437

949

 

Age (years)

34.7 ± 5.1

32.1 ± 5.1

< 0.001

Ethnicity, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  Caucasian

357 (81.7)

741 (78.1)

 

  Asian

9 (2.1)

72 (7.6)

 

  African-American

2 (0.5)

39 (4.1)

 

  Mediterranean

64 (14.6)

69 (7.3)

 

  Unknown

5 (1.1)

28 (3.0)

 

Parity, n (%)

  

0.232

  0

158 (36.2)

386 (40.7)

 

  1–2

242 (55.5)

499 (52.6)

 

   > 2

36 (8.3)

64 (6.7)

 

First degree relative with DM, n (%)

82 (18.8)

376 (41.1)

< 0.001

History of PCOS, n (%)

10 (2.3)

50 (5.3)

0.011

History of GDM, n (%)

44 (10.1)

103 (10.9)

0.650

Previous infant weighing ≥4500 g at birth, n (%)

42 (9.6)

97 (10.2)

0.716

History of IUFD, n (%)

4 (0.9)

20 (2.1)

0.113

Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2)

29.7 [26.0–34.4]

27.7 [24.2–31.8]

< 0.001

Pre-gestational BMI, n (%)

  

< 0.001

   < 25 kg/m2

88 (20.8)

291 (31.5)

 

  25–29.9 kg/m2

129 (30.4)

288 (31.2)

 

   ≥ 30 kg/m2

207 (48.8)

344 (37.3)

 

Chronic hypertension, n (%)

8 (1.8)

43 (4.5)

0.013

Indication for OGTT, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  Screening based on risk factors

362 (82.8)

650 (68.5)

 

  Diagnostic test based on symptoms/signs

66 (15.1)

270 (28.5)

 

  Unknown

9 (2.1)

29 (3.1)

 

Diagnosis based on OGTT, n (%)‡

422 (96.6)

919 (96.8)

0.791

Gestational age at time of OGTT (weeks)

24.9 [23.3–29.0]

27.7 [25.9–30.7]

< 0.001

Gestational age at time of OGTT screening only (weeks)

24.4 [22.6–26.9]

27.3 [25.1–28.7]

< 0.001

Gestational age at time of OGTT diagnostic 3rd trimester only (weeks)

33.1 [28.7–35.3]

30.4 [27.7–33.6]

0.001

75-g OGTT

   

  Fasting glucose level (mmol/l)

5.3 [5.1–5.6]

5.0 [4.6–5.5]

< 0.001

  1-h glucose level (mmol/l)

9.6 [8.0–10.5]

–

NA

  2-h glucose level (mmol/l)

7.7 [6.6–9.0]

8.6 [8.1–9.4]

< 0.001

  Diagnosis based on elevated fasting glucose level only, n (%)

170 (40.2)

8 (0.9)

< 0.001

  Diagnosis based on elevated 2-h glucose level only, n (%)

46 (10.9)

877 (95.4)

< 0.001

Insulin treatment, n (%)

68 (15.6)

412 (43.4)

< 0.001

Metformin treatment, n (%)

14 (3.2)

–

NA

  1. Abbreviations: WHO World health Organization, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, IUFD intrauterine foetal death, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, NA not applicable. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median [IQR], or proportion of n (%)
  2. *P-values were based on Student’s unpaired t-test (non-skewed continuous variables), Mann-Whitney U-Test (skewed continuous variables) or chi-square test (categorical variables)
  3. ‡Total number of women diagnosed with a 75-g OGTT. The other women (n = 45) were diagnosed with a random or fasting glucose level in first trimester of their pregnancy. Data with respect to first degree relative with DM 35 (3.7%) (WHO-1999-cohort), BMI 13 (3.0%) (WHO-2013-cohort) and 26 (2.7%) (WHO-1999-cohort), gestational age at time of OGTT 15 (1.6%) (WHO-1999-cohort), are missing
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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